Enzymes and hormones - class-X

Prostaglandin is a non-steroidal hormone while estradiol, estrone, and progestrone are all steroidal hormones

Option (B) is incorrect. Enzymes are efficient and biological catalysts which are needed only in very small amounts for their action but each enzyme can catalyse only a specific selective reactions. This is often referred to as "the lock and key" model.

The chemical messengers produced in ductless glands are called hormones. Hormones are produced by the endocrine system (composed of glands) but are transported to different parts of the body through the bloodstream.

Hormones acts as stimulator. Hormones are essential for every activity of life, including the processes of digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood control. Many hormones, such as neurotransmitters, are active in more than one physical process. To release active hormones quickly into the irulation, hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones. These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus.

The term hormone was first introduced by Baylers and Starling. Hormones are your body's chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs. They work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including growth and development, metabolism - how your body gets energy from the foods you eat, sexual function, reproduction, mood.

Ethylene gas is used for artificial ripening of fruits. Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone, used to induce ripening process under controlled conditions of temperature. Ethylene treatment breaks down the green chlorophyll pigment in the exterior part of the peel and allows the yellow or orange carotenoid pigments to be expressed.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal environment.
Adrenaline is an emergency hormone. It increases pulse rate, blood pressure during emergency and stimulates the breaking of liver glycogen into blood glucose.
Thyroxine is useful in metabolism. Insulin is secreted from thyroid gland. It regulates general growth and development and controls carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
Peptide hormones such as insulin, affect the properties of plasma membrane.
Insulin is secreted in pancreatic islets. It controls carbohydrate metabolism and maintains glucose level in the blood.
Sanger represents the structure of insulin.

• Cortisol is type glucocorticoid hormone, cortisol (glucocorticoid) also called as life-saving hormone as it increases the blood glucose level in the condition of tension through gluconeogenesis, 
• In the condition of tension the glucose consumption from neuron increases that can be fatal for one.

Hormones are used to communicate between the organs of the body. The release of parathyroid hormone causes blood phosphate level to decrease. When blood calcium level is low, this hormone is released so that the level comes back to normal. Increased level of PTH may lead to joint pains, muscles weakness and many more effects.

• Male and female hormones or the gonadotropin-releasing hormones have almost the same functions, they induce the primary and secondary sexual characteristics

• steroid type of hormones play a role in the physiological effect on the body,

• Growth type of hormones affects physical appearance.

ACTH is secreted by adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland and controls the secretion of adrenal cortical hormone named as cortisol,

Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormone (Cortisol) that is a glucocorticoid hormone results in the Addison disease.

Aldosterone is type of Mineralo-corticoid hormne, it affects the kidney in low GFR (glomerulation filtration rate) condition and maintain it.

Disparlure is an pheromone.

A steroid, progesteron is secreted chiefly by the corpus luteum, a group of cells formed in the ovary after the follicle ruptures during the release of egg cell.

Hypothalamus is the portion of the brain that contains a no. of small nuclei with a variety of functions. It regulates heart rate, glandular secretion, body temperature.

GH, prolactin and MSH are not the releasing or inhibitory factors, they have a direct effect on the body,

Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland. GH is a stress hormone that raises the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids.growth hormone promotes the growth of bones, muscles and various other organs, too much of it causes abnormal growth of all these tissues, a condition that is referred to as gigantism when it applies to children and acromegaly when it applies to adults. It synthesizes protein also.

Hormones are a substance that falls into two basic categories which are non-steroid (peptide, insulin) hormones and steroid hormones (adrenaline, testosterone).

Testosterone is produced by testes. Testosterone, which is produced in the body by the male testes, influences men physically, emotionally and sexually. It is called the "king of hormones", testosterone is certainly the most important hormone when it comes to sexual characteristics in men.

Androgens are male sex hormones. The main androgen is testosterone, and an additional androgen is dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is secreted mainly by the testes, but also a little bit by the adrenal cortex. In some tissues, testosterone is chemically changed into dihydrotestosterone in order to have an effect.

Estrogen is a steroid. Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that control the development and maintenance of an individual's feminine characteristics. Natural estrogens exist in men as well as women, and are found in higher amounts in women, especially in those of reproductive age.

Deficiency of insulin in human beings causes diabetes.

Proteins are nitrogenous organic compounds of high molecular mass which on hydrolysis by enzymes give amino acids. All proteins are enzymes. They do not contain polypeptide but are bonded by peptide linkage.

The muscular physique of a male is due to the influence of the hormone is called testosterone.
Testosterone is a male sex hormone produced by the testes that encourages the development of male sexual characteristics and stimulates the activity of the male secondary sex characteristics.

The hormone used as an oral contraceptive is progesterone. It is a female sex hormone and used to prevent pregnancy (progestin). 

Emergency hormone in animals is adrenaline. This hormone is secreted  by adrenal gland and also called as 'hormones of Fight or Flight'. It prepares the body to face emergency conditions of physical stress like danger, anger, excitement; etc. It is secreted in small amounts all the time but in large amounts when a person is frightened. The target organ is heart so heart beat increases, resulting in supply of more oxygen in our muscles. It allows more supply of glucose into the blood to give us a lot of energy quickly to fight or flight from the frightening situation.

Testosterone is used as synthetic analog by body builders illegally and unethically. Bodybuilders and athletes use these hormones to improve their performance. Steroids also help to reduce fatigue due to which sportsmen can perform tirelessly. It acts as a buffer when lactic acid is formed during physical exertion. They help athletes perform better, run faster and increase their capacity for endurance.

(A) Estrone is a female sex hormone.
(B) Testosterone is a male sex hormone.
(C) Cortisone is a steroid hormone whose main physiological effect is on carbohydrate metabolism. It is synthesized from cholesterol in the outer layer, or cortex of the adrenal gland.
(D) Thyroxine is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. The hormone thyroxine forms by combining the amino acid tyrosine with iodine. It is stored in the follicle stems between thyroid cells. Thyroxine enters into the bloodstream complexed to another protein, plasma globulin. 

The hormones used by athletes to increase the mass and strength of muscles are androgens and testosterone. They promote muscle building and increase their performance. These hormones help athletes recover from a hard workout more quickly by reducing the muscle damage that occurs during the session. This enables athletes to work out harder and more frequently without overtraining.

Option (D) is correct.
Estrogen, estradiol and progesterone all are female sex hormones. These hormones work together to promote the healthy development of female sex characteristics during puberty and to ensure fertility. Progesterone and estrogen are necessary to prepare the uterus for menstruation, and their release is triggered by the hypothalamus. Estradiol is essential in breast development, fat distribution in the hips, legs, and breasts, and the development of reproductive organs.

Combined oral contraceptive pills typically contain a synthetic estrogen, such as ethinyl estradiol, and a synthetic progestin, such as norethindrone. These two hormones work synergistically to suppress ovulation and prevent pregnancy.

Insulin is a protein hormone that requires zinc (Zn) ions for its storage and crystallization in the pancreas. Zinc is a crucial cofactor for the structural stability of the insulin hexamer.

Synthetic testosterone promotes muscles growth. The muscle-promoting drugs or hormonal substances that are chemically related to testosterone, in the form of injections, skin patches, creams or pills. These steroids can stimulate muscle building.

Thyroxine is a derivative of amino acid. Thyroid hormones (THs) -- thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) -- are iodinated derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, which regulates growth, development and critical metabolic functions. THs are taken up by target cells and act at the genomic level via nuclear thyroid receptors. Saturable transport mechanisms mediate the greater part of TH movement across the plasma membrane.

One insulin molecule contains two peptide chains, joined by three persulphide bonds. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high or too low.

Estradiol is responsible for the development of secondary female characters. The hormone that dominates female development is an estrogen called estradiol. Estrogen is responsible for development of the female body and the secondary sexual characters. It helps decelerate height increase in females during puberty, accelerates burning of body fat and reduces muscle bulk. It also stimulates growth of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) during the menstrual cycle, increases uterine growth, improves lubrication of the vagina, and thickens the vaginal wall while increasing blood vessels to the skin.

Phosphorylation of glucose is increased by insulin. Glucokinase is an enzyme which is responsible for phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate with the help of insulin, secreated by beta cells. Beta cells release insulin in response to rising levels of glucose. Insulin enables many types of cells to import and use glucose, and signals the liver to synthesize glycogen. While alpha cells produes more of glucagon. Glucagon serves as a signal to the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood. Glucokinase in beta cells serves as a glucose sensor, amplifying insulin secretion as blood glucose rises.

Insulin is not a phytohormones, while cytokinins, ethylene and auxins are examples of phytohormones. Phytohormones are produced within a plant and are essential for the plant growth. Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced within human beings, by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

Hormone is a chemical substances produced in endocrine ductless glands. 

The disease of diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency of Insulin.

The hormone insulin is secreted by pancreas. Inside the pancreas, beta cells make the hormone insulin. With each meal, beta cells release insulin to help the body use or store the blood glucose it gets from food.

The sex hormone which controls the development and maintenance of pregnancy is progesterone. Progesterone, female sex hormone that induces secretory changes in the lining of the uterus essential for successful implantation of a fertilized egg. It is secreted chiefly by the corpus luteum, a group of cells formed in the ovary after the follicle ruptures during the release of the egg cell. Progesterone is secreted during pregnancy by the placenta and acts to prevent spontaneous abortion. The hormone also prepares the mammary glands for milk production.

The hormone that promotes anabolism and inhibits catabolism is insulin.
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes energy storage in the form of glycogen, triglycerides and proteins. Thus, insulin promotes anabolism (building up of tissues) and inhibits catabolism (breaking down of tissues) in muscle, liver, and fat cells. It increases the rate of synthesis of glycogen, fatty acids, and proteins.

The hormone that prepares the uterus for the implantation of the embryo is progesterone. 
Progesterone from the corpus luteum is essential for supporting the embryos growth. During pregnancy, the placenta begins to produce progesterone about 6 to 7 weeks after the egg is fertilized. It plays an important role in the development of the foetus, stimulates the growth of maternal breast tissue, prevents lactation, and strengthens the pelvic wall muscles in preparation for labor.

The element present in traces in insulin is Zinc. It plays an important role in insulin metabolism and acts as an efficient antioxidant.

Increased blood pressure may be caused by the excess secretion of adrenaline. This powerful hormone is a part of the human body's acute stress response system.

The total number of amino acids in a molecule of the Hypoglycemic hormone is 51. The human hormone insulin is composed of 51 amino acids. It is a dimer of an A-chain consisting of 21 amino acids, and a B-chain consisting of 30 amino acids, which are linked together by disulphide bonds.

Thyroxin is secreted from thyroid gland. It regulates general growth and development and controls carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
Insulin is secreted in pancreatic islets. It controls carbohydrate metabolism and maintains glucose level in the blood.
Glucocorticoids have antiinflammatory effect. They are part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity (inflammation) down.
Auxins play vital role in several growth and behavioral processes in the plant's life cycle and are essential for plant body development.

The hormone which controls the contraction of uterus after child birth and also produces lactation in the mammary glands is oxytocin. Oxytocin is released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The release of oxytocin include childbirth, suckling and coitus, the uterine contractions that result may facilitate either childbirth or the ascent of spermatozoa through the fallopiantubes. Oxytocin may also play a role in the initiation of labor. The milk ejection response occurs only in females immediately after childbirth.

Oxytocin, Vasopressin and Insulin contains disulphide bonds due to presence of cystine residues.
Disulphide bonds are absent in Haemoglobin.

Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy.

A hormone is a class of signaling molecules produced by glands inmulticellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour. Insulin is a hormone which are responsible for the level of sugar in blood and hence maintaining the level of diabetes.

Estrone is an estrogenic hormone secreted by the ovary.Responsible for female sex development.

A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. The first sex attractant pheromone identified was that of Gypsy moth.

Antidiabetic drugs are medicines developed to stabilise and control blood glucose levels amongst people with diabetes. Antidiabetic drugs are commonly used to manage diabetes.

There are a number of different types of antidiabetic drug including:

• Insulin
• Pramlintide (Amylin)
• $GLP-1$ receptor agonists (such as Byetta and Victoza)
• Oral hypoglycemics (tablets)

Insulin is the hormone responsible for transporting glucose from blood into tissues by promoting glucose uptake in cells, particularly muscle and adipose tissue. It lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose entry into cells. Glucagon has the opposite effect of raising blood glucose.

A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. A coenzyme cannot function alone, but can be reused several times when paired with an enzyme. Without coenzymes or cofactors, enzymes cannot catalyze reactions effectively.

Cellulose is the carbohydrate which is not considered as enzyme.
Hence option D is correct.