Popular struggles and movements - class-X

The protest against water
privatization in Bolivia was led by an organization called FEDECOR. This
organization comprised local
professionals, including engineers and
environmentalists. They were supported
by a federation of farmers who relied  on irrigation, the confederation of
factory workers’ unions, middle class
students from the University of
Cochabamba and the city’s growing population of homeless street children.
The movement was supported by the
Socialist Party. In 2006, this party came
to power in Bolivia.

The Civil Rights Movement in the U.S.A. targeted the equal treatment and granting of human rights to the African American who were being harshly treated and tortured and were considered inferior and slaves to the White Americans. It largely targeted abolition of legal racial discrimination against African- Americans followed by several movements and protests.

According to Gandhiji Politics and ethics should not be completely divorced from one another. Ethics must be a guiding lamp of the politics if a nation has to prosper. Ethical values like truth, honesty and sincerity puts nation before self interest and because politics is a determining factor of a nation's governance it must be embedded in politics.

The Anti Hindi agitation is a series of violent demand events took place in the state of Tamil Nadu during both pre and post Independence era. The first agitation took place against imposition of Hindi in Madras State (now Tamil Nadu) when teaching of Hindi in schools was made compulsory. thereon demand continues to make India an official language of India alongside Hindi when the Official Language Act passed to make Hindi a sole official language. then to supress the agitation, violence and protests English and Hindi were made official languages of India indefinitely.

In Nepal Democracy was restored in the year 1990 by the King Birendra. In 2005 this democratic rule was dismissed by King Gyanendra. Later due to public protest, democratic government established in Nepal in 2006.

Sri Lanka has unitary form of government where the national government has all powers. . Tamil leaders want Sri Lanka to become a federal system. 

Mahatma Gandhi was a strong advocate of Gram Swaraj or Village self-rule. Gandhiji always remarked that India as a nation is formed of the village as units. According to this concept villages as a unit should be self-sufficient economically and financially and for this purpose, some autonomy should be given to the villages for their development which ultimately signifies the development of the nation as a whole.

Nepal won democracy in 1990. Although the King was formally remained the head of the country and the real power was enjoyed by the elected representative. King Birendra accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy.  He was killed in 2001. The next King Gyanendra was not prepared to accept democratic rule so he took advantage of the unpopularity of democratic government. In February 2005 he dismissed the Prime Minister and dissolved the elected Parliament. In 2006 people all over the country came together to pass the control from the king to the constitutional government. The movement of April 2006 in Nepal came to be known as Nepal's second movement for democracy.

Bolivia's government was pressurized by the World Bank to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these rights for the city Cochabamba to a multinational company. The company immediately increased the price of water four times. Due to the high prices of water, Bolivia faced a popular protest. This protest was known as Bolivia's water war. This protest in Bolivia was led by the organization called FEDECOR. This organization comprised local professionals including engineers and environmentalist. They were supported by a federation of farmers, the confederation of factory workers, middle-class students from the University of Cochabamba and the city's growing population of homeless street children.

The movement for establishment of Democracy occurred in Nepal in 2006. King Gyanendra who did not want constitutional Monarchy over absolute monarchy led to the revolution of gaining popular control over the king. All major political parties went to strike and people came on street defying curfew. It resulted in establishment of constitutional monarch. Bolivia witnessed struggle against privatisation of water. The Bolivian Government sold the water right to a Multinational Company which raised the price of water many times. The people revolted against this and forced the official to give up water rights. Thus, the the foundation of country's politics is the element absent in these movements.

Nepal witnessed an extraordinary
popular movement in April 2006. The
movement was aimed at restoring
democracy. Nepal, although won democracy in 1990.  King
Birendra, who has accepted this transition
from absolute monarchy to constitutional
monarchy, was killed in a mysterious
massacre of the royal family in 2001.

Bolivia is a poor country in Latin
America. The World Bank pressurised the
government to give up its control of
municipal water supply. The government
sold these rights for the city of
Cochabamba to a multi-national
company (MNC). The company
immediately increased the price of water
by four times. Many people received
monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a
country where average income is around
Rs 5000 a month. This led to a
spontaneous popular protest

G. P. Koirala was a prominent politician and Prime Minister of Nepal, but he was never the King of Nepal. The others listed were monarchs.

Bolivia is a poor country in Latin
America. The World Bank pressurised the
government to give up its control of
municipal water supply. The government
sold these rights for the city of
Cochabamba to a multi-national
company (MNC). The company
immediately increased the price of water
by four times. Many people received
monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a
country where average income is around
Rs 5000 a month. This led to a
spontaneous popular protest.

Nepal witnessed an extraordinary
popular movement in April 2006. The
movement was aimed at restoring
democracy.  King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal,
was not prepared to accept the democratic
rule. He took advantage of the weakness
and unpopularity of the democratically
elected government. In February 2005,
the king dismissed the then Prime Minister
and dissolved the popularly elected
Parliament. The movement of April
2006 was aimed at regaining popular
control over the government from the King. All major political parties went to strike and people came on the street defying the curfew. It resulted in the establishment of Constitutional Monarch.

The movement for establishment of Democracy occurred in Nepal in 2006. King Gyanendra who did not want constitutional Monarchy over absolute monarchy led to the revolution of gaining popular control over the king.All the major political parties in the
parliament formed a Seven Party
Alliance (SPA) and called for a four-day
strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital.
This protest soon turned into an
indefinite strike in which MAOIST
insurgents and various other
organisations joined hands. People came on street defying curfew. It resulted in establishment of constitutional monarch.

The popular struggle for restoration of democracy occured in 2006 in Nepal. All the major political parties in the
parliament formed a Seven Party
Alliance (SPA) and called for a four-day
strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital.
This protest soon turned into an
indefinite strike in which MAOIST
insurgents and various other
organisations joined hands. People defied
curfew and took to the streets. The
security forces found themselves unable
to take on more than a lakh people who
gathered almost every day to demand
restoration of democracy. The number
of protesters reached between three and
five lakhs on 21 April and they served
an ultimatum to the king. 

The extraordinary movement for restoration of democracy started in 2006 in Nepal. The people defied the authority of monarch and took their demand to the streets. It resulted in transformation of government from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy.

The movement for establishment of Democracy occurred in Nepal in 2006. Although Nepal won Democracy in 1990but after the killing of King Birendra, King Gyanendra who did not want constitutional Monarchy over absolute monarchy led to the revolution of gaining popular control over the king. All major political parties went to strike and people came on street defying curfew. 

King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal,
was not prepared to accept democratic
rule. He took advantage of the weakness
and unpopularity of the democratically
elected government. In February 2005,
the king dismissed the then Prime Minister
and dissolved the popularly elected
Parliament.

Bolivia witnessed struggle against privatisation of water. The Bolivian Government sold the water right to a Multinational Company which raised the price of water many times. The people revolted against this and forced the official to give up water rights. 

Bolivia is a poor country in Latin
America. The World Bank pressurised the
government to give up its control of
municipal water supply. The government
sold these rights for the city of
Cochabamba to a multi-national
company (MNC). The company
immediately increased the price of water
by four times. Many people received
monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a
country where average income is around
Rs 5000 a month. This led to a
spontaneous popular protest. In January 2000, a new alliance of
labour, human rights and community
leaders organised a successful four-day
general strike in the city.

Bolivia is a poor country in Latin
America. The World Bank pressurised the
government to give up its control of
municipal water supply. The government
sold these rights for the city of
Cochabamba to a multi-national
company (MNC). The company
immediately increased the price of water
by four times. Many people received
monthly water bill of Rs 1000 in a
country where average income is around
Rs 5000 a month. This led to a
spontaneous popular protest.

Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America which witnessed a popular struggle for restration of people basic need which came to known as Bolivia's Water war.

The Maoist in Nepal adopted much violent and insurgent approach in joining forces with the Seven Party Alliances to restore democracy. They involved in armed Struggle against the government.

On 24 April 2006, the last day of
the ultimatum, the king was forced to
concede all the three demands. The SPA
chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new
Prime Minister of the interim
government. The restored parliament
met and passed laws taking away most
of the powers of the king.

The Mandal Commission is also known as Second backward classes commission or Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC). The commission was established in India on 1st January 1979 by the Janata Party government under Prime Minister Moraji Desai. The commission was established in order to address the question of caste discrimination. 

The Popular struggle in Bolivia against the privatisation of water was started in January 2000 when World Bank pressurized Bolivian government to give up their water right which were then sold to an MNC. People went to strike against imposition of heavy taxes.  the
power of the people forced the officials
of the MNC to flee the city and made
the government concede to all the
demands of the protesters. The contract
with the MNC was cancelled and water
supply was restored to the municipality
at old rates.

The Conflict in popular struggle is directly between power holders who exercise their power over the people and those who are getting affected by such exercise of power that are people. It usually involves share in power, proper representation and against misuse of power.

The Peasant Bardoli Satyagraha, 1928 was a movement which was led by Jhaverbhai Vallabhai Patel. The movement was for farmers of Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes.

The military coup occurred in Chile in 1973. It was on 11 September 1973 when the then President of Chile, Salvador Allende's government was overthrown by the military. There was a great shift in the structure of governance in Chile. The democratic government was overthrown and military rule was established.

The protest against water
privatisation in Bolivia was not led by
any political party. It was led by an
organisation called FEDECOR. This
organisation comprised local
professionals, including engineers and
environmentalists. They were supported
by a federation of farmers who relied
on irrigation, the confederation of
factory workers’ unions, middle class
students from the the University of
Cochabamba and the city’s growing
population of homeless street children.

Michelle Bachelet, daughter of General Bachelet was elected as President of Chile in January 2006. A medical doctor and a moderate socialist, Michelle became the first woman to be a Defence Minister in Latin America.

In April 1999, the Albanian families of Kosovo were affected by the ethnic massacre. The Meja massacre was the mass execution of 372 Kosovo Albanian civilians. Hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanian refugees pour into neighboring countries, because of massacres and forced expulsions.

The struggle against privatization of water in Bolivia started in January 2000 when the government was pressurised by the World Bank to give up its municipal water right which were then sold to an MNC. People went to strike against harsh system of imposing heavy taxes and the struggle resulted in restoration of water supply to municipality at old rates.

Northern Ireland has been the site of a violent and bitter ethnopolitical conflict. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the latter suspended their armed struggle.

In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.

All the major political parties in the parliament formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and called for a four day strike in Kathmandu, the country’s capital. 

The special Constitutional position of Jammu and Kashmir is that it has its own Constitution. By virtue of Article 370 of the Constitution of India which deals with the "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions" such special status has been granted to Jammu and Kashmir. 

Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in 1990s. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. Although the king formally remained the head of the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives. King Birendra, who had accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, was killed in a mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001. 

After Tito’s death in 1980, bitter inter-ethnic rivalries asserted themselves and there were clashes between different ethnic groups, such as the Kosovan Albanians and Serbs. There was a rise in Serbian para-militarism and heightened tension between the Muslim Bosnians, the Croats and the Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina. By 1990, the Serbian-controlled Federal government refused to agree to Croatia and Slovenia’s demands for a multiparty government. Hence, Option A is correct. The rest of the countries do not have Serbian and Albanian ethnic groups, hence, incorrect. 

26th January in India is celebrated as Republic Day. It honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, replacing the Government of India as the governing document of India and, thus turning the nation into a newly formed republic. 

The Seven Party Alliance formed by all the major political parties in the parliament, announced a four day strike in the country's capital,  Kathmandu. The halfhearted concession made by the the King were rejected by the leaders of the movement. On 24 April 2004, the last day of the ultimatum, the king was forced to concede all the three demands. The SPA chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the interim government. 

Commonwealth of Nation is an association of 53 sovereign nations spanning over Asia, Africa, Americas, Europe and the Pacific. All member nations have equal say, regardless of size or economic stature. Members share common values and principles elaborated in The Commonwealth Charter. Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Pakistan are the members of Commonwealth. Option B Nepal is correct answer as it is not a member.   

Bolivia is a country in South America (Latin America). It is a land locked country with La Paz, Sucre as its capital. One third of its territory lies in the Andes mountains and have attracted mining, commercial and business investments. Bolivia is constitutionally unitary state and has nine departments. Option A is the correct answer.     

Freedom of movement means the right to move freely and choose the residence within the territory. It also means that everyone has the right to depart freely from any State including that of which the individual is a citizen. If a man is denied freedom of movement, it means a denial of political liberty. 

The movement for the establishment of Democracy occurred in Nepal in 2006. King Gyanendra who did not want constitutional Monarchy over absolute monarchy led to the revolution of gaining popular control over the king. 

FEDECOR stands for Federacion Departmental Cochabambina de Regantes. It was the organization that led the protest against the privatization of water in Bolivia. The organization comprised of local professionals, engineers, and environmentalists. They were supported by the federation of farmers, factory worker's union and students. This movement was supported by the Socialist Party which came to power in 2006. Hence, option C is the correct answer.

The 1990 People's Movement (Nepali: जनआन्दोलन, romanized: Jana Andolan) was a multiparty movement in Nepal that brought an end to absolute monarchy and the beginning of constitutional democracy.

The city Cochabamba is related to the struggle against Water Privatisation in Bolivia. This protest was led by an organisation called FEDECOR. 

King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was the last king of Nepal, in the line of Shah Dynasty. In April 2006, King Gyanendra was forced to give up his absolute rule following wide spread protests. He was stripped from all his political and cultural rights. On 28th May 2008, Nepal was declared a federal democratic republic by the newly elected Constituent Assembly. Hence, option E is the correct answer.

The Cochabamba Water War or Bolivia's Water War took place in Cochabamba, which is Bolivia's fourth largest city in response to the privatization of the city's municipal water supply. Bolivian government was facing economic challenges and turned to World Bank for help. For generating independent growth, Bolivia had to privatize its railway, telephone system, airline, hydrocarbon industry to bring stability. Option C is the correct answer. 

The American war of Independence was fought between Great Britain and 13 states which had together declared themselves as the United States of America. The war was fought between $1775$ and $1783$.

Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006. This movement aimed at restoring democracy in Nepal. Nepal won democracy in the year 1990 though the king remained the head of the State.

The Union Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) disintegrated into 15 independent republic nations as a result of unrest in the nations. Russia emerged as the largest among all the 15 that were formed.

The Seven Party Alliance was a coalition of seven Nepali political parties seeking to end autocratic rule in the country. They spearheaded the Loktantra Andolan.

The alliance was made up of the following parties:

• Nepali Congress
• Nepali Congress (Democratic)
• Communist Party of Nepal
• Nepal Workers and Peasants Party
• Nepal Goodwill Party (Anandi Devi)
• United Left Front
• People's Front

The Bolivia Water War, was a series of protests that took place in Cochabamba, Bolivia's third largest city, between December 1999 and April 2000 in response to the privatization of the city's municipal water supply company Semapa. The wave of demonstrations and police violence was described as a public uprising against water prices.

The Maneka Gandhi's case is the leading case on the interpretation of the phrase 'according to the procedure established by the law" used in Article 21 of the Constitution of India. This case relates to the unjust impounding of the passport of the petitioner by the authorities without even informing the grounds to the petitioner. The supreme court held this to be arbitrary, unjust and agaist the due procedure of the law.

The Seven Party Alliance (SPA) was a coalition of seven Nepali political parties seeking to end autocratic rule in the country. They spearheaded the Loktantra Andolan.

The alliance was made up of the following parties:

• Nepali Congress
• Nepali Congress (Democratic)
• Communist Party of Nepal
• Nepal Workers and Peasants Party
• Nepal Goodwill Party (Anandi Devi)
• United Left Front
• People's Front