Effects of pollution on environment - class-XII

Kyoto protocol was formally adopted in December, 1997 in an international conference held in Kyoto Japan. The protocol obtained commitments from different countries for reducing overall green house gas emissions at a level of 5 percent below 1990 level by 2008 to 2012 for different countries.

In India 6, 77,088 square kilometer of land is under forest cover. The figure was 30 percent at the beginning of 20th century.  

As per report, about 19.5% (64 million hectare) of India's total geographic area is covered under forest cover. 

India launched its 'National Forest Policy' in 1988. This led to a programme named 'Joint Forest Management', which proposed that specific villages in association with the forest department will manage specific forest blocks. In particular, the protection of the forests would be the responsibility of the people. The percentage of forest cover in India, for plain and hills as decided by 'Forest Policy Act' (1988) is 33% and 67% respectively.

'The Environmental protection Act', 1986, is the most comprehensive law meant for prevention and control of environmental pollution by laying down emission norms and setting up of central and state pollution control boards.

In India about 20 percent of land is under forest cover. The amount was 30 percent at the beginning of 20th century. The present forest cover of roughly 20 percent is quite small as compared to optimum of 33 percent according to 'National Forest Policy' (1988). It recommends 67 percent forest cover in hills. In India hay availability is roughly 250 million tonnes. 

Measures for controlling carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere:

World ozone day has been celebrated every year on 16$^{th}$ September since 1994 and was established by the United Nations General Assembly. It is celebrated as the international day for the preservation of the ozone layer. So, the correct answer is september, 16$^{th}$.

UNEP stands for United Nations Environment Programme is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. So, the correct answer is 'United Nations Environment Programme'.

• Montreal protocol was introduced to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances.
• Kyoto protocol was introduced to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
• DDT disturbs calcium metabolism in birds which resulted in thinning of eggshell.
• The government of India enacted the Environment Protection Act of 1986 under article 253 of the constitution.

The Amendment of Air Act to include noise was done in the year 1987 in order to include noise as a form of air pollutant. So, the correct option is A. (A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii))

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. Montreal Protocol is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced global production, consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. 

The EPA (Environment Protection Act), 1986 came into force soon after the Bhopal gas tragedy.

The EPA (Environment Protection Act), 1986 came into force soon after the Bhopal gas tragedy. The EPA authorizes the central government to protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from all sources, and prohibit or restrict the setting and /or operation of any industrial facility on environmental grounds. The EPA rules lay down procedures for setting standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants.

The E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules in India were notified in 2011 and came into effect on May 1, 2012.

Forest stakeholders include local communities, government departments, and conservationists, as all have different interests and dependencies regarding forest resources.

Improper handling of biomedical waste can lead to the transmission of various infectious diseases, including viral and bacterial pathogens.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981. This act emphasizes the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in India. It states that sources of air pollution such as industries, vehicles, etc, are not permitted to release toxic chemicals beyond a prescribed level. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Supreme Court of India, under its directives, asked the government to take appropriate measures, including switching over the entire fleet of public transport, i.e., buses, from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG). The Government of India through a new auto fuel policy has laid out a roadmap to cut down vehicular pollution in Indian cities. 

Industries release harmful toxic effluents in the environment thus polluting it and impair healthy plant growth. It also occupies forest land and reduces the green cover.

Pollution abatement is the measure to reduce pollution by controlling the direct elimination of pollutants in the environment. It may include technological methods like catalytic converters on vehicles to reduce air pollution, scrubbers in industries or they may be regulatory, like laws limiting the amount of solid waste a sewage management facility can release into a waterway. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Pollution abatement is the measure to reduce pollution by controlling the elimination of pollutants in the environment. It can be technological methods like catalytic converters, scrubber and electrostatic precipitator or they may be regulatory, like laws limiting the amount of solid waste a sewage management facility can release into a waterway. Greater use of compost (organic matter) instead of chemical fertilizers and judicious use of pesticides helps in controlling pollution. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974 specifies quality of nearest for various purposes, ways and mean to control make pollution and prevention of detremental effects on human health and health of biolorical entitles.

In the 1990s, Delhi ranked fourth among the 41 most polluted cities in the world. All the buses of Delhi new connected to run on CNG by the end of 2002, CNG is more efficient as compare to petrol or diesel.

Pollution cannot be totally stopped but several steps can be taken to curtail it. These are some of the steps in this context.
A. Switching of the automobile engines at red lights and when not in use.
B. Setting up of sewage treatment plants in larger habitations.
C. Installation of tall chimneys in factories.

Government of India has adopted auto fuel policy to effectively cut down sulphur and nitrogen oxides in the automobiles exhausts.

A. K. Banerjee is well-known for his work in social forestry and the revival of degraded forests through silviculture practices in India.

Silviculture is the branch of forestry concerned with the theory and practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests.

Government of India has adopted auto fuel policy to effectively cut down sulphur and nitrogen oxides in the automobiles exhausts.

Greater use of compost (organic matter) instead of chemical fertilisers and judicious use of pesticides.

Recycling of metals ,plastics and glass materials and incineration (burning)of non recyclable waste are some of the methods uses for abatement of pollution.

Installation of tall chimneys in factories and fitting them with fitters and electrostatic precipitators.

Government of India has adopted auto fuel policy to effectively cut down sulphur and nitrogen oxides in the automobiles exhausts.

Government of India has adopted auto fuel policy to effectively cut down sulphur and nitrogen oxides in the automobiles exhausts.

Environment (protection) Act, 1986, is the most comprehensive law meant for prevention, control and abetment of environmental pollution by laying down emission norms and setting up of central and state pollution control boards.

Pollution abatement is the measure to reduce or eliminate pollution by controlling the direct elimination of pollutants in the environment. It may include technological methods that reduce the amount of pollutant generated in a chemical or other manufacturing facilities like a scrubber, electrostatic precipitator and catalytic converter. 

The method abatement of the pollution is generally adopted to reduce the sources of pollution and the impact and its consequences on the environment and health. The sewage treatment plants are set up in the industries which let out high amounts of liquid waste. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater. Septic tank is in which sewage is collected and allowed to decompose through bacterial activity. Green muffler involves the plantation of trees to reduce noise pollution because the trees absorb the excessive noise.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, is the most comprehensive law meant for prevention, control and abetment of environmental pollution by laying down emission norms and setting up of central and state pollution control boards.

Pollution abatement includes various strategies such as using cleaner fuels (CNG), creating green buffers (mufflers), and treating waste (sewage treatment plants).

Pollution abatement is a comprehensive process that involves reducing waste at the source, recycling materials, and treating unavoidable waste.

Electrostatic precipitator os the most effective device used to remove particulate matter from the industrial emission. it removes the impurities (dust, fibres) by applying a high voltage electrostatic charge which precipitates the impurities on the charged plates.

Kyoto protocol was concluded in December, 1997 in the international conference held in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto protocol obtained commitments from different countries for reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions to a level 5 percent below 1990 level in between the years 2008 to 2012. In 2012 the period was extended till 2020.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, is meant for preserving quality of air, controlling air pollution and preventing detrimental effects of air pollutants and human health and health of other biological entities. By an amendment in 1987, noise was also recognized as an air pollutant.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981 and amended in 1987 to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in India. This act was amended in 1987 to include noise as an air pollutant. So, the correct answer is '1987'.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in 1981 and amended in 1987 to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution in India.

In order to control environmental pollution, the Government of India has passed the Environment (Protection) Act in 1986 to protect and improve the quality of our environment.

The Montreal Protocol on substances, that deplete the ozone layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances, that are responsible for ozone depletion. 

The United Nations (UN) International Day for the preservation of the ozone layer is celebrated on September 16 every year. This event commemorates the date of the signing of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer in 1987.

The Kyoto protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 'United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change' (UNFCCC), that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. The Kyoto protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to a level, that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

Euro II norms are the standard norms to check the pollution. It states that the sulphur from the vehicle emission should be control at 350 ppm in diesel. And 150 PPM in petrol.

According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), particulate size 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM 2.5) are responsible for causing the greatest harm to human health. These fine particulates can be inhaled deep into the lungs and can cause breathing and respiratory symptoms, irritation, inflammations and damage to the lungs and premature deaths.

Noise level are expressed on a logarithmic scale of decibels. The baseline noise levels in the community vary around 40 dB. International standards prescribe a maximum of 50 dB for day and 40 dB for night time in a residential area. Noise over 115 dB is regarded as highly avoidable. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends an industrial noise limit of 75 dB.

The forest department of the government should have the authority to decide the management of forest produces. This is because the forest department is the caretaker of the forest land and is responsible for any damage to the forest.

Certain norms have been laid down under the title Euro/Bharat norms which are applicable to all automobiles, on the levels of emissions given out-stricter controls to be maintained in most large cities.

In Delhi, there are more petrol driven vehicles. 

The Stockholm Conference, known officially as the United Nations Conference on Human Environment was the UN's first conference on the international environmental issues and it was held between 5$^{th}$ to 16$^{th}$ June 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden. The United Nations began celebrating the World Environment Day on 5$^{th}$ June every year fro 1974. So, the World Environment Day coincides with the First  United Nations Conference on Human Environment.