Anglo-sikh war - class-IX

The sacred writings of spiritual poetry, set to musical ragas were completed by Guru Arjan Dev on 30th Aug 1604 and then first installed in Harmandir Sahib. At that time it was called the "Adi Granth." and did not contain the writings of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji which were added later by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1708. It is written in Gurmukhi Script.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji started writing of 'Guru Granth Sahib' Ji and it was completed and compiled by him in 1604. At that time it was called "Adi Granth" and did not contain the writings of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji which were later added by Guru Gobind Singh Ji (The tenth Guru of Sikhs) in 1708. The second rendition of 'Adi Granth' came to be known as 'Guru Granth Sahib Ji'.  It was written in Gurmukhi Script.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji started writing of 'Guru Granth Sahib' Ji and it was completed and compiled by him. It was first installed in 'Harmandir Sahib' in 1604. At that time it was called "Adi Grantha" and did not contain the writings of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji which were later added by Guru Gobind Singh Ji( The tenth Guru of Sikhs) in 1708. It was written in Gurmukhi Script.

Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth guru of Sikh community conceived the idea of creating a central place of worship and he himself designed the architecture of Sri Harmandir Sahib. The foundation was laid by Guru Ram Das ji and it was completed by Guru Arjan Dev. The land for the Sri Harmandir Sahib was bought by Guru Ram Das ji.

The land for Harmandir Sahib was bought by Guru Ram Das Ji on payment from Zamindars. Guru Arjan Sahib got its foundation laid by a Muslim saint Mian Mir Ji in December 1588. The construction work was directly supervised by Guru Arjan Dev. He was assisted by the prominent Sikh personalities like Baba Budha Ji etc.

Guru Arjan Dev conceived the idea of creating a central place of worship for Sikhs and himself designed the architecture of Sri Harmnadir Sahib known as Golden temple. Earlier the planning to excavate the holy tank(Amrit Sarovar) was chalked out by Guru Amardas Sahib but it was executed and the foundation was laid by Guru Ram Das ji, the fourth Nanak.

Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, the 6th Nanak changed the philosophy of the Sikh faith. He is the pioneer of the concept of "Miri-Piri" and "Sant Sipahi." He wanted his Sikhs to imbibe the character of 'Sant Sipahi' and he wore two swords, one of Miri (temporal power) and other of Piri (spiritual power). He asked his Sikhs to practice weapons and acquire other skills along with doing Simran and held their head high.

Guru Hargobind Ji was nominated as the Sixth Guru of Sikhs by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. He was not more than eleven years old at the time of execution of his father and Fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji when he was installed as Guru.  From his prison cell, Guru Arjan Dev sent a message to Hargobind to cultivate and maintain an army. So following this decree from his father, Guru Hargobind is known for having initiated an Akali army.

Chandu Diwan belonged to the same caste which the gurus belonged. He wanted a matrimonial alliance in the house of Guru and wanted to give his daughter in marriage to Guru's son, Sri hargobind ji. His offer was rejected by the guru so Chandu was in opposition of Guru Arjan Dev ji.

Daswandh is a practice in Sikhism where followers are encouraged to donate one-tenth (10 percent) of their income for charitable purposes or the community.

Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth guru of Sikh community who stood for truth, was the first Sikh martyr. Guru Arjan, by sacrificing his life to uphold the sanctity of faith, completely surrendered to the hukum of God. He is called "Shaheedan da Sartaj", the crown of all the martyrs and "Sachcha Patshah" because of his various social, spiritual, poetic contribution and his supreme sacrifice for his faith.

The martyrdom of Fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was the result of many factors working at Tandem with each other. The emperor was provoked since the Guru had offered help to hie rebel son Khusro. The elder brother of Guru Pirthi Chand was angry with the guru as he thought that it was his right to be guru which had been usurped by his younger brother. The guru was not in favour of Naqshbandis so he started opposing this. Another reason was the popularity of Guru Arjan Dev as a worldly religious leader among Hindus and Muslims.

Guru Hargobind Sahib ji, the 6th Nanak changed the philosophy of the Sikh faith. He is the pioneer of the concept of "Miri-Piri" and "Sant Sipahi." He wanted his Sikhs to imbibe the character of 'Sant Sipahi' and he wore two swords, one of Miri (temporal power) and other of Piri (spiritual power). He asked his Sikhs to practice weapons and acquire other skills along with doing Simran and held their head high.

Guru Hargobind Sahib ji, the 6th Nanak changed the philosophy of the Sikh faith. He is the pioneer of the concept of "Miri-Piri" and "Sant Sipahi." He wanted his Sikhs to imbibe the character of 'Sant Sipahi' and he wore two swords, one of Miri (temporal power) and other of Piri (spiritual power). He asked his Sikhs to practice weapons and acquire other skills along with doing Simran and held their head high.

The martyrdom of Fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was the result of many factors working at Tandem with each other. The elder brother of Guru Pirthi Chand was angry with the guru as he thought that it was his right to be the guru. Another reason was the popularity of Guru Arjan Dev as a worldly religious leaders among Hindus and Muslims so the emperor had a fear. But the immediate cause of his martyrdom was, he helped rebel Prince Khusrau. The emperor was provoked since the guru had offered help monetary as well as provided shelter to the fugitive son of the emperor. 

The martyrdom of Fifth Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was the result of many factors working at Tandem with each other. The emperor was provoked since the Guru had offered help to his rebel son Khusrau. Another reason was the popularity of Guru Arjan Dev as a worldly religious leaders among Hindus and Muslims so the emperor had a fear that it could be in the conversion of Sikhs. Chandu Shah, the Emperor's Diwam was politically influential and conspired with the emperor and got the guru punished with a painful death. 

Prince Khusrau revolted against Jahangir. Khusrau received the blessings of Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru. But Khusrau was defeated, arrested and blinded. Later on, he was put to death. Guru Arjan Dev was also not spared. 

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the Sikh ruler of Punjab.

Guru Tegh Bahdur was the ninth  Sikh Guru whom Aurangzeb gave death punishment after he refused to change his religion to islam and protected kashmiri pandits from the conversion as well. He was publicly beheaded on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675.

Guru Arjan Dev was the fifth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was arrested under the orders of Jahangir as he refused to convert to Islam. He succeeded his father as the leader of Sikhs upon his death and went on to significantly influence the development of Sikhism.

The Sukarchakia Misal was founded by Charat Singh, who was the grandfather of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Guru Ram Das ji was the fourth of the ten Gurus of Sikhism. His bani (spiritual revelations and writings) consists of 638 holy hymns, that he had composed to 30 different ragas of Indian classical music. He is credited with founding the holy city of Amritsar in the Sikh tradition.

Mahan Singh, the father of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was the leader of the Sukarchakia Misal.

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the ninth Guru of the Sikh faith. He was a poet, a thinker, and a warrior. To spread the message of Sikhism, the Guru traveled extensively through the Indian subcontinent, setting up several new preaching centers. He  contributed many hymns to Granth Sahib including the Saloks, or couplets near the end of the Guru Granth Sahib.

Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru, was executed by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1675 for refusing to convert to Islam and for defending the rights of others.

Guru Arjan Dev

The first rendition of the holy book was compiled by the fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev and it was called Adi Granth. The Guru Granth Sahib is truly among the world's great scriptures. The Guru Granth Sahib is written in Gurmukhi script in various dialects Lahnda, Braj Bhasha, Khariboli, Sanskrit, and Persian.

Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, was the first to be martyred in Sikh history, ordered by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1606.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder and maharaja of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab. He introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity. Ranjit Singh had eight sons. Kharak Singh was the eldest from his second wife.

In 1590, A.D. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had another tank to dug at Majhe da Khara village( a place about 20 Km south of Amritsar). This he blessed as Tarn Taran.

Guru Arjan Dev took birth on 15th April 1563 at Taran Taran in Punjab. He was born in the house of Guru Ram Das ji who was the fourth guru of Sikh community. He was the youngest of three sons of Guru Ram Das ji.  He became the fifth Guru of Sikh community in 1581. He compiled 'Adi Grantha' presently known as 'Guru Granth Sahib'. He died in 1606.

Sri Harmandir Sahib is also known as "Darbar Sahib" or "Golden Temple means abode of God. It is a Gurudwara located in Amritsar, Punjab. The foundation of Golden temple was laid by Guru Ram Das Ji, fourth Guru of Sikh community and the construction work was started and completed by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. In 1604, Guru Arjan Dev completed the work of "Guru Granth Sahib" and it was first installed in Harmandir Sahib. He appointed Baba Buddhaji as the first Granthi of Harmandir Sahib. Baba Buddhaji laid the foundation of 'Dera Baba Nanak.'

Sri Harmandir Sahib is a gurudwara located in Amritsar. Guru Arjan Sahib got its foundation laid by a muslim saint Hazarat Mian Mir ji in December 1588. The construction work was directly supervised by Guru Arjan Dev himself and was assisted by the prominent Sikh personalities like Baba Bhuda ji, Baba Gurdas ji and other devotees.

Sri Hargobindpur also known as Sri Gobindpur is a small town located in Gurdaspur district of Punjab. This is situated on the bank of Beas river. It was founded by fifth Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji on the ruins of Ruhela in 1595. 

Gurudwara Shri Tarn Taran Sahib Ji is located in Tarn Taran, Punjab. It was built by the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev Ji in 1590. It is now managed by Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee. It has the distinction of possessing the largest tank among all the Gurudwaras and its water is believed to possess medicinal qualities. Its foundation was laid in the memory and honour of Guru Ram Das Ji.

The city of Kartarpur was founded by the fifth Guru of Sikh community, Guru Arjan Dev in 1593. It is located in 'Doaba' region, the region which lies between Beas and Satluj river near the city of Jalandhar. Its official language is Punjabi. Later on, Jang-E-Azadi museum was also built there to commemorate the sacrifices made by the Sikh community during Indian Independence Movement.

In 1593, the fifth Guru of Sikhs, Guru Arjan Dev ji dug a tank  called Gangasagar. The new township was called Kartarpur.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji was martyred on May 30, 1606, under the orders of Emperor Jahangir.

Guru Arjan Dev's martyr resulted in creating a sense of unity among Sikh. He ordered 'Guru Hargobind ji' the sixth guru of Sikh community to form an army. Before the execution of Guru ji, there was no military power held by Sikh community. This increased enmity and bitterness between Mughals and Sikhs.

Hashmat Khan attempted to kill Ranjit Singh while he was returning from a hunt, but Ranjit Singh managed to defend himself and kill his attacker.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder and maharaja of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab. He introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity. He first got married at the age of 15 to Mehtab Kaur who was the daughter of  Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya and Sada Kaur.

Guru Har Krishan was the eighth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He ascended to the throne of Guruship on Sunday, 20 October 1661, at the young age of five years and became the youngest Guru in Sikhism. He attended to and served the suffering people with complete devotion and in the process himself contracted disease and died at the age of 8.

The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Ranjit Singh at Amritsar. The treaty settled Indo-Sikh relations for a generation. Although the terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej, they also permitted him complete freedom of action to the north of it.

The British were concerned about potential Russian expansion into Central Asia and India, leading them to seek alliances with regional powers like Ranjit Singh to act as a buffer.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born on November 13, 1780, in Gujranwala.

Guru Har Rai was the seventh of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He never disbanded the armed Sikh Warriors and always boosted the military spirit of the Sikhs, but he never himself indulged in any direct political and armed controversy. He guided the Sikhs for about seventeen years, till his death at age 31.

Emperor Jahangir was the Mughal ruler who ordered the execution of the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, in 1606.

Guru Arjan Singh Dev ji was the fifth of the Ten Gurus of Sikhism. He compiled the first official edition of the Sikh scripture called the Adi Granth. He built the Golden Temple and also developed Amritsar as a Centre of Excellence.

Guru Hargobind was the sixth of ten Gurus of the Sikh religion. He introduced the process of militarization to Sikhism which according to him had become a necessity following his father's execution. He was also the inventor of the Taus, a bowed string instrument.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh assumed full control of the administration of his kingdom at the age of 17, following the death of his mother and the end of the regency period.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the founder and maharaja of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab. He introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity. Dhian Singh was his Prime Minister. He started as a horsemen but reached this position due to his intelligence

Ranjit Singh was sent to Bhai Bhagu Singh for his primary education, as was customary for the nobility of the time.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was born on 13 November 1780, to Maha Singh Sukerchakia and Raj Kaur in the Majha region of Punjab. He was the founder and maharaja of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab. He introduced reforms, modernisation, investment into infrastructure and general prosperity.

The Governor General at the time of the Second Anglo-Sikh war was Lord Dalhousie. During the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1848, Lord Dalhousie attacked the Sikhs who lost heavily and had to surrender in March 1849. Punjab was annexed to the British territory and became known as the North-West Frontier province of India.

First Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the years 1845 – 1846. The war was fought between Sikh Empire and East India Company. Lord Harding was the Governor General during the First Anglo-Sikh War. 

First Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the years 1845 and 1846. It resulted in the partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom. During this period, Lal Singh was the prime minister and Tej Singh became the commander of the army. 

The Kuka Movement, also known as the Namdhari movement, was a religious and social reform movement among the Sikhs in Punjab.

Guru Arjan Sahib ji was the fifth guru of Sikh community who became guru on 16 September 1581. He followed the footsteps of Guru Ram Das ji. He was the embodiment of Godly devotion, selfless service and universal love. He was the treasure of celestial knowledge and spiritual excellence.

In Sikh history, Prithi Chand, the eldest son of Guru Ram Das Ji, opposed his younger brother Guru Arjan Dev Ji and established a rival sect, earning the title 'Meena'.

Guru Arjan Dev was born in 1563 and died in 1606. He took birth in the house of Guru Ram Das ji, who was the fourth guru of Sikh community.  He was the youngest of the three sons of Guru Ram Das ji. Guru Arjan Dev became the fifth guru of Sikh community in 1581. He compiled 'Adi Grantha' which is presently known as 'Guru Granth Sahib.'

Guru Arjan Sahib ji was born on April 15, 1563 in the house of Guru Ram Das ji, the fourth guru. He was the youngest of the three sons of Guru Ram Das ji. His eldest brother Prithi Chand was very astute in social and worldly affairs. He was noted for his diligent management of all the affairs of Guru's household including running of 'Langar.'

Guru Arjan Dev was born in 1563 and died in 1606 in Punjab. His father's name was Guru Ram Das who was the fourth guru of Sikh community. His mother was Bibi Bhani. He became the fifth guru of Sikhs in 1581 and compiled 'Adi Granth' which is later known 'Guru Granth Sahib.' He was succeeded by Guru Har Gobind Sahib ji.