Food security and related aspects - class-XI

All three factors listed (slow growth in agriculture, regional disparities, and competition for land/water due to urbanization) are significant concerns for food security and rural livelihoods in India.

The Mid Day Meal Scheme is a school meal program in India designed to improve the nutritional standing of school-age children nationwide.

Employment generation is a core strategy for poverty reduction, as it provides income and improves the purchasing power of the poor.

Command Area Development Programme (CADP)
(i) CADP started in $1974-75$.
(ii) Renamed in April $2004$-Command Area Development and Water Management (CADWM) Programme.

All three programs mentioned (Nehru Rozgar Yojana, Valmiki Ambedkar Aawas Yojana, and the National Slum Development Programme) were initiatives aimed at addressing various aspects of urban poverty.

Family planning helps control population growth, which is a key factor in reducing the burden on resources and alleviating poverty at the household and national levels.

Economic projections for India's poverty eradication targets, often cited in developmental planning contexts, frequently identified a growth rate of 9 percent as necessary to achieve significant poverty reduction over a 25-year horizon.

The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) specifically targeted urban housing for the poor. ASHA and Janani Suraksha Yojana are health-focused schemes that also contribute to the welfare of vulnerable populations, including the urban poor.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY):
* Launched in the year 2000
* 2 crores poorest families out of BPL families under TPDS ( targeted) are identified.
* 35 kg of foodgrains are to be made available to each eligible families at highly subsidised rates.
* Wheat to be supplied at Rs. 2 per kg.
* Rice to be supplied at Rs. 3 per kg.
* Rs. 3500 crore subsidy on this scheme.

Food Corporation of India(FCI): FCI was set up on January $14$, $1965$ having its first District office at Thanjavur- rice bowl of Tamil Nadu - and headquarters at Chennai under the FCI Act $1964$ to implement the following objectives of the National Food Policy.
(i) Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers.
(ii) Distribution of food grains throughout the country for Public Distribution System.
(iii) Maintaining satisfactory level of operational and buffer stocks of food grains to ensure National Food security.

Procurement of food grains at support price by government has many social and economic objectives like stability in price of food grain, profitable remuneration to farmers and to support in building public stocks of food grains.

E-Shakti Project-Bihar NREGA: E-Shakti project in Bihar through its biometric attendance and wage disbursement at worksite has empowered the NREGA workers. To resolve the challenges, project E-Shakti was conceived by the State Chief Minister. The goal of the project was to ensure correct and timely wage payment to right beneficiary.
For MNREGA workers, the cards have become their identity proof providing them access to bank accounts that earlier was unimaginable. The account can be used like any bank account with the account holder withdrawing or depositing money anytime he wants. Earlier workers had no means to save money even if they wanted. The project has ensured timely payment of wages. The E-Shakti project makes the physical presence at the bank unnecessary. The project has also ushered in transparency and accountability. Corruption at the lower level has been one of other major obstacles in the effective implementation of this unprecedented employment guarantee scheme. Under E-Shakti, diversion of funds becomes almost impossible. With biometrics-aided attendance, only a worker can withdraw money-nobody on his behalf can do so.

National Food Processing Policy was formulated in April $7, 2005$.
Vision document has been prepared as-increase in processing levels of
perishables from $6$% to $20$%, increase in value addition from
$20$% to $34$% and share in Global trade from $1.6$% to $3$% by
the year $2015$.

Expanding self employment programmes and wage employment programmes are being considered as the major ways of addressing poverty. Examples of self employment programmes are Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP), Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) and Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY). 

The Planning Commission of India historically defined the poverty line based on a minimum daily calorie intake. For urban areas, this threshold was set at 2100 calories per day, while for rural areas, it was 2400 calories.

Micro-credit: Micro-credit is the provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very small amount to the poor in rural, semi-urban and urban areas for enabling them to raise their income levels and improve living standards. The micro-credit institutions are those which provide these facilities.
Self Help Groups: A self-help group is a registered or unregistered group of micro-entrepreneurs having homogeneous social and economic background voluntarily coming together to save small amounts regularly, to mutually agree to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on mutual help basis. The group members use collective wisdom and peer pressure to ensure proper end-use of credit and timely repayment thereof.

The Indian government provides subsidies for essential commodities to support the poor and farmers. Fertilizer, kerosene, and LPG are all heavily subsidized items in the Indian economy.

Self Help Groups (SHGs) have been instrumental in India for providing micro-finance by pooling small savings from members and facilitating bank linkages, which empowers rural poor individuals.

The 5th Five Year Plan focused on 'Garibi Hatao' (Removal of Poverty). While it addressed poverty, it was criticized for giving only limited attention to the structural issues of economic inequalities.

Economic planning in India up to the 7th plan consistently aimed at long-term goals including growth, self-reliance, and social justice, specifically targeting the reduction of income inequalities and the elimination of poverty.

Until the late 1970s, the prevailing economic theory in India was that economic growth would naturally benefit the poor through a 'trickle down' effect, reducing poverty without requiring specific, targeted interventions.

In India employing children in begging for illegal gains is an offence both legally and morally. It obstructs the development of child while ruining the future prospects for him/her. Children are being forced to work in hazardous employment which deteriorate their physical health while their intellectual development is halted by not being able to go to school at enjoy freedom at the tender age.

Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched in 1999 to replace several existing self-employment programs, including the Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) and the Million Wells Scheme (MWS), to create a more holistic approach.

Under the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act in India, child labour is defined as the employment of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous or non-hazardous occupations.

Poverty is a multidimensional problem. Addressing it requires a combination of strategies, including increasing productivity, changing ownership patterns (like land reforms), and redistributing income through fiscal policy.

Body Mass Index is a gross estimate for the amount of fat in your body. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in a representative sample of households throughout India. The Fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) was carried out in 2014-2015. NFHS-4 is the first survey in the NFHS series that has collected data from all 29 States and all 7 Union Territories. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. A high BMI can be an indicator of high body fatness. The NFHS 4 data shows high obesity among adults in India. The latest survey shows that the proportion of overweight women in India at 20.7% is only 2% points lower than the proportion of underweight women. More percentage of women have a lower BMI or are underweight  than needed compared to men.

A healthy mind resides in healthy body. One should eat food rich in minerals, proteins, vitamins etc. A balanced diet is a diet which consist of proper nutrition. A proper nutritious diet keeps us healthy and fit. These are essential for development of body and in efficiently of these salts and mineral chance of occurring diseases becomes higher. If these requirement are not fulfilled it is called invisible diet.

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) was a flagship government scheme specifically designed to provide financial assistance for the construction or upgradation of houses for the rural poor.

MGNREGA, Ajeevika (NRLM), and Swarn Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana are all government-backed poverty eradication or livelihood support schemes that have been operational in India.

National Food for Work Programme was launched on November 14, 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country with the objective to intensify the generation of supplementary wage employment. The programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desire to do manual unskilled work in exchange for food grains. Food grains are provided to the states free of cost. However, the transportation cost handling charges and taxes on food grains are the responsibility of the states. The collector is the nodal officer at the district level and has the overall responsibility of planning,  implementation, coordination, monitoring and supervision.

Aam Admi Bima Yojana(AAMY):
(i) Launched on October $2$, $2007$
(ii) Insurance to the head of the family of rural landless, household in the country is provided against natural death, as well as accidental death and partial/permanent disability.
(iii) The premium to be charged under the scheme is Rs. $200$ per annum per member, $50%$ of which is to be contributed by the Central Government, and Remaining $50%$ by State Government.

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY): The Indira Awas Yojana was started in 1985-86 as a sub-plan of RLEGP. In 1989-90, after merging the RLEGP with Jawahar Rojgar Yojana, this plan also became a part of Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY). Since January 1, 1996 it was again separated from JRY and was given an independent status. The objective of IAY is to provide financial assistance for construction or upgradation of houses to BPL rural households belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers, non SC/ST rural households, widows and physically handicapped persons living in the rural areas. At present, it is the flagship programme for rural housing.