Petroleum and Petrochemicals - class-VIII

Dry cleaning means cleaning of tiles without using water or aqueous solvents. Petrol is used as a solvent in dry cleaning because it is highly vapourising organic solvent.

Petrochemicals are the chemical compunds obtained from petroleum. They are used for making detergents, solvents, elastomers, lubricants, gels, polymers, plastics, fibres, adhesives etc

Refining is the process where seperation of various compounds of crude oil occurs. 

Diesel engines have very high compression ratios. That is why it is used as a fuel for heavy motor vehicles.

Bees wax is not a petroleum product. It is a natural source of wax produced by honey bees.

Candles are made up of Paraffin Wax. It is also a petroleum byproduct obtained during refinery. 

The very first and important step in the process of refining of crude oil into petroleum gas is distillation.

(Petrol and diesel can be obtained from petroleum. coal gas and coal tar are generated from raw coal.)

Refining of petroleum is a process to transform crude oil into useful products like LPG, petrol, gasoline, diesel oil, etc.

Petroleum refining process provides different products like gasoline, petrol, diseal, kerosene etc.   

Centrifugal pump is a kind of pump in which liquids are sucked from the earth crust by applying force.

Petroleum crude oils are converted into different petroleum products in the big refineries. This big refineries contain very important unit called as CDU that is crude oil distillation unit.

Petroleum is the natural fuel obtain from the seas. In the refining process crude petroleum is converted into crude oil into liquefied petroleum gas.

Cellulose is derived from D-Glucose units, which condense through β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds. Petroleum is a source for lubricating oil, paraffin wax and other hydrocarbons.

Petrol is a very important product obtained from crude oil after distillation. Petrol is used as measure source of fuel in vehicles, its other name is gasoline.

LPG, butane , petrol, jet fuel, Kerosene, fuel oil, diesel are common fractions of petroleum used as a fuel.

Liquefied petroleum gas is called as light distillate product because it contains less quantity of carbon and hydrogen. Hence it is light.

Paraffin wax is used for making shoe polish.

Petroleum by-products are :
LPG, gasoline, Naptha, fuel oil, paraffin wax, candle wax, lubricants etc.

But Beeswax is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees of the genus Apis. It is mainly esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols

The constituents of crude oil have a very less difference in their boiling point so they are separated by fractional distillation process.

Cracking is the process of breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by heating them in the absence of air.

Cracking is the industrial process used to convert heavy (liquid) hydrocarbons into lighter, more useful gaseous hydrocarbons.

Petrol is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. Since it is a liquid containing dissolved gases (like butane or propane), it is classified as a liquid-gas solution.

Fractional distillation of crude oil involves heating it to temperatures typically between 350 and 400 degrees Celsius to separate components based on boiling points. Option B is the closest standard range provided in educational materials.

Leaded petrol used to be a source of high levels of lead in the air of major cities. Significant reductions in the levels of air-borne lead were achieved over recent years as the result of air pollution legislation introduced to remove lead from petrol.

 A. Carbonisation is applied to the pyrolysis of coal to produce coke.

Sulphur dioxide emissions are given out by those industries which refine the sulphur containing products like petroleum refineries which employ catalytic processes to remove the sulphur from the petrol called as desulphurization which gives immense sulphur in the atmosphere as pollutant.

1. Paraffin wax is used to make candles.
   2. Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft.
   3. LPG is the liquefied petroleum gas used as domestic fuel.
   4. Coke is used to make steel.

An anti-knocking agent is the substance which is used to reduce the engine knocking. It increases the octane number of the fuel. It helps in auto-ignition by raising the temperature and pressure. TEL is tetraethyl Lead which is used as an Anti-Knocking compound.

The very first step in the refining of petroleum oil is Fractional distillation i.e, the fractionation of crude oil in atmospheric vacuum distillation towers. 

The first process in a petroleum refinery is known as distillation. In this process, crude oil is heated and filled into a distillation column.

Fractional distillation of petroleum gives paraffin wax, asphalt, crude oil. While fractional distillation of coal gives coal gas.

All of the given substances are mixtures of various organic compounds except octane. Because octane is a pure saturated hydrocarbon containing 8 carbon atoms.

Kerosene is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The chemical composition depends on its source of isolation, usually, it consists of about 10 different hydrocarbons, each containing 11 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. 

The main constituents are saturated straight-chain and branched-chain hydrocarbons which are also called as paraffin, as well as ring-shaped cycloparaffins which are also known as naphthenes. Kerosene is less volatile liquid than gasoline.

Paraffin wax is derived from petroleum,coal that consist of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules between 20-40 carbon atoms. Common applications of paraffin include lubrication,candles,electrical insulation. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ether,alcohol or benzene.

Methanol is the odd one because the rest are fractions of petroleum.

Jet fuel is a clear to straw colored fuel based on either an unleaded kerosene or a naphtha kerosene blend. It is similar to diesel fuel and can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines.

Furnace oil is odd because the rest are various names of petroleum.

In the United States, the petroleum industry began in 1859 when Edwin Drake found oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania.

Refining of petroleum requires the separation of its components into different fractions. The hydrocarbon chains that make up petroleum have the different basic carbon chain (different number of $Cs$ in the parent).
Hence, the statement $I$ is true but statement $II$ is false.

Now a days due to development of different technological processes modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.

A fractional column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in volatilities. Industrial fractionating columns have outlets at intervals up the column so that multiple products having different boiling ranges may be withdrawn from a column distilling a multi-component feed stream. The lightest products with the lowest boiling points exit from the top of the columns and the heaviest products with the highest boiling points exit from the bottom.

Tetraethyl lead $(CH _3CH _2) _4 Pb$ is a petroleum additive. TEL is produced by reacting chloroethane with a sodium–lead alloy:
 $ 4 NaPb + 4 CH _3CH _2Cl\rightarrow (CH _3CH _2) _4Pb + 4NaCl + 3Pb$
The product is recovered by steam distillation, leaving a sludge of lead and sodium chloride. TEL is a viscous colorless liquid. Because TEL is charge neutral and contains an exterior of alkyl groups, it is highly lipophilic and soluble in petrol.

By-products obtained from processing petroleum in industries are fertilisers, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibres, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG (also called Autogas) consists mainly of propane, propylene, butane, and butylene in various mixtures.It is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining. The components of LPG are gases and will evaporate at normal temperatures and pressures, as a result it is stored in pressurised steel bottles.  Unlike natural gas, LPG is heavier than air, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements.Such accumulations can cause explosion hazards.

The most common method of refining crude is the process of fractional distillation. This involves heating crude oil to about 350 degrees Celsius,to turn it into a mixture of gases. These are piped into a tall cylinder, known as a fractional tower. The higher the gas rises in the tower, the lower the temperature becomes. Petrol or gasoline, condenses out at around 110 degrees celsius, while petroleum gas is drawn off at the top. The distilled liquid from each level contains a mixture of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons with similar properties, and requires further refinement and processing to select specific molecules. A process called cracking is used to produce more of the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons from higher ones.

The percentage of compounds in petroleum are

Petroleum is a mixture of kerosene, home heating oil, petrol, petroleum gas, diesel fuel, and gasoline. Petroleum products are complex mixtures derived from crude oil and have similar chemical and physical properties.

Refinery is a place where various fractions of petroleum are separated.

The production of higher molecular weight branched chain paraffins having valuable antiknock properties and, therefore, suitable for use in aviation fuels is of considerable importance in the petroleum industry.

Naphthalene (an aromatic hydrocarbon) is obtained from the refining of petroleum. It is used as a solvent in petrochemicals. Naphthalene is non polar solvent and is used to dissolve non polar compounds.

Air is polluted by sulphur by converting into sulphur dioxide. So, petroleum refineries remove chemical compounds that contain sulphur.

Paraffin wax, Petroleum gas and Asphalt are the different constituents of petroleum which  vapourise at different temperature's in the fractional distillation of petroleum. 

• Petroleum is a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons-compounds that consist of carbon and hydrogen only. Small amounts of other organic compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements are also present.
  
• Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes (paraffin), cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes.
  
• This mixture of hydrocarbons generally has 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
• Hence option B is a correct answer.

Gasoline is a refined product of petroleum and is comprised mainly of hydrocarbons, ranging from those conatining 7 carbon atoms  to those containing 9 carbon atoms. 

During refining of crude oil, different products are recovered according to the different boiling ranges. The order of boiling point of the given products is: Gasoline< kerosene< diesel. Therefore they are obtained in the sequence;Gasoline, kerosene ,diesel.

• The final product of this reaction is $(CH _3CH _2) _4Pb$ [tetraethyl lead (TEL)].