Agriculture and types of crops - class-VIII

33 percent of India's Gross Domestic Products comes from agriculture as the agriculture is contributing in India's national income more and more very fastly. 

Cotton is a dicotyledonous crop. The best biofertiliser for cotton is Bacillus cereus and Azotobacter chroococcum. These are free-living $N _2$ fixing bacteria and enhance the fertility of the soil.

India is an agricultural country. Agriculture accounts for approximately 33% of India's GDP and employs nearly 62% of the population. Therefore, a major percentage of India's Gross Domestic Product is constituted by agriculture.

Some of the crops are grown in the winter season, they are called as the rabi crops. Seeds of these crops are sown in the beginning of the winter season. After maturation of crops, they are harvested at the end of the winter season. For example, gram, pea, wheat etc.

Rice is the most important human food crop in the world as it is directly feeding more people than any other crop. It is also the staple food across Asia, where around half of the world's poorest people live and is becoming increasingly important in Africa and Latin America. Rice has also fed more people over a longer time than has any other crop. It is spectacularly diverse, both in the way it is grown and how it is used by humans. Rice is unique because it can grow in wet environments that other crops cannot survive in. Such, wet environments are abundant across Asia. So, rice is the main crop of Asia. 

Rice is a Kharif crop. It covers one-third of the total cultivated area of India. It provides food to more than half of the Indian population. Rice is produced in almost all states. Top three producer states are West Bengal, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Other rice growing states include Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra. It is also grown in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat and Kashmir valley. So, it is the principle cereal crop in India compared to wheat, maize and sorghum. Thus, option B is correct.

The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family, providing staple foods from domesticated cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, and millet as well as feed for meat-producing animals. As staple foods, cereal grains provide a good amount of carbohydrate, dietary fibre, and protein.

Apiculture deals with the rearing of honeybees.

Any crop that can be grown between October and March or during winter seasons are called as Rabi crop such as wheat, cotton, maize etc., as they do not require more water to grow. Whereas crops that grow during the rainy season are called as Kharif crop such as paddy as they require more water to grow. Thus, the correct answer option A.

Dryland farmed crops may include winter wheat, corn, beans, sunflowers or even watermelon. 

So, the correct option is 'A - 3, B - 1, C - 2, D - 4'

Organically, an oat grain, for example, corn, rice, or wheat, is likewise a sort of natural product, named a caryopsis. Be that as it may, the natural product divider is thin and is intertwined to the seed coat, so the majority of the consumable grain is really a seed.

• Haploid means half the number of total chromosomes formed during gamete formation. n=21.
  
• total no. of chromosomes in hexaploid wheat=42.
• the basic set no. of chromosomes (x)= 42/6=7
• So, the correct option is 'n=21n=21 and 
  x=7'.

The cropping season is categorized into two main types namely Kharif and rabi on the basis of monsoon. The Kharif cropping season is generally from June to September though it varies in every state of the country. These crops are typically sown in June, during the initial period of monsoon and harvested by September. Hence, Kharif crops are also called monsoon crops. The Kharif crops include rice, maize, bajra, ragi, soybean, groundnut, cotton etc. 

• Hence Crop that requires dry and cold environment is Rabi.
• So, the correct answer is 'Rabi'.

A caryopsis is a type of dry fruit where the fruit wall (pericarp) is fused to the seed coat. This is characteristic of grasses, including wheat, maize, and rice.

Wheat, pea, and mustard are annuals (monocarpic). Carrot is a biennial, while mango is a perennial. The grouping in option A is consistent as all are annuals.

Wheat is the dominant crop in temperate countries. It is used for human food and livestock feed. Its success depends partly on its adaptability and high yield potential but also on the gluten protein fraction, which allows dough to be processed into bread, pasta, noodles, and other food products. It also contributes essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, and beneficial phytochemicals and dietary fiber components to the human diet, and these are particularly enriched in whole-grain products.

The Scientific name of the wheat is Triticum spp. It is a cereal grain, originally from the Levant region of the Near East but now cultivated worldwide. In 2013, world production of wheat was 713 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize (1,016 million tons) and rice (745 million tons). It is an important cereal to temperate areas where it can grow in high temperature compared to maize, barley and rice. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

The soybean or Glycine max is a species of legume widely grown for its edible bean. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse by the UN food and agricultural organization. Soybeans are considered by many agencies to be a source of complete protein. A complete protein is one that contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids that must be provided to the human body, because of the body's inability to synthesize them. For this reason, soy is a good source of protein, amongst many others, for vegetarians and vegans or for people who want to reduce the amount of meat they eat. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The crops that are sown in the rainy season are called Kharif crops (also known as the summer or monsoon crop) in India. Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the southwest monsoon season. The main monsoon season in India runs from June to September. The Kharif crops include rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soybean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc. 

Kharif (Autumn) crops are the crops which are cultivated from the month of June to October. These include crops like Rice, Bajra, Soyabean, Maize, Tur, Urad, Cotton and Sugarcane. Therefore the correct answer is  'Rice'. 

The crops that are sown in the rainy season are called Kharif crops (also known as the summer or monsoon crop) in India. Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the southwest monsoon season. The Kharif crops include rice or paddy, maize, sorghum, pearl millet/bajra, finger millet/ragi (cereals), arhar (pulses), soybean, groundnut (oilseeds), cotton etc. Since paddy needs a lot of water for its growth, it is grown and cultivated in the rainy season. 

Jute is a crop which grows in hot and humid climate. It also requires heavy rainfall. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India. Bihar is the second largest producer and Assam is the third largest jute producer in India. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Cotton plants are grown in cotton fields where cotton ids obtained. From nearby gins. Gins are the areas where the fields, cotton is taken to cotton goes through a dryer to reduce the moisture content. It is then taken to cleaning equipment to remove the foreign matter.  Thus, the quality of cotton fibre is improved. This process is called ginning.

A paddy field is a flooded land used for growing semiaquatic rice. The paddy crop requires constant watering of agricultural fields for the first few weeks. 

• The crops which are grown during the winter season (October-March) are called Rabi crops. Examples of rabi crops are wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed. 
• Peas are harvested early, as they are ready early. Indian markets are flooded with green peas from January to March, peaking in February. 

• The main source of water for rabi crops is rainwater, that has percolated into the ground. A good rain in winter spoils the rabi crops but is good for Kharif crops. 

• The crops grown in the winter season are called as rabi crops. Their time period is generally from October to March. 
• The term is derived from the Arabic word for spring, which is used in the Indian subcontinent, where it is the spring harvest (also known as the winter crop). 

• Kharif crops or monsoon crops are domesticated plants cultivated and harvested during the rainy (monsoon) season. The rainy season in India is generally from June-September. 

• There are crops that are grown mainly in the summer season during a period called the Zaid crop season. 
• They require warm dry weather for major growth periods and longer day length for flowering. 
• The main produce is seasonal fruits and vegetables like watermelon, muskmelon, bitter gourd, etc. 

Crops are classified as Kharif crops and rabi crops. Kharif crops are sown in the month of June/July and harvested in September/October every year.

Crops are classified as kharif crops and rabi crops. Kharif crops are sown in the month of June/July and harvested in September/October every year.

Rabi crop is the spring harvest or winter crop in India. It is sown in October last and harvested in March and April every year. Major Rabi crops in India include wheat, barley etc.

Shakti, ratan and protina are the varieties of maize developed in India and all these have twice the amount of amino acids, lysine and tryptophan. 

Rice belongs to the family Poaceae. It is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima. As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. Thus, option D is correct. 

'Basmati' rice is a type of flavoured rice which is mostly grown in the traditional areas of north and northwestern part of Indian sub-continent for many centuries. The best quality of basmati rice is produced on either side of Indus valley in India. Some important districts of Uttar Pradesh are Saharanpur, Muzaffar Nagar, Piliphi etc. Also, basmati rice is grown to a limited extent in Jammu and Kashmir. The largest area under basmati rice is in the State of Haryana (60%) followed by Uttar Pradesh (17.1%) and Punjab (16.1%). Thus, option D is correct.

The Poaceae is a family of flowering plants. This family includes cereal crops such as maize (corn), wheat, rice, barley, and millet. Poaceae constitutes the most economically important plant family in modern times, as it provides forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch) and fuel (ethanol), as well as food. All grasses and paddy come under Poaceae family. Mustard belongs to Brassicaceae family. Thus, option D is correct.

Wheat or Triticum sp. is a cereal grain and it is an example of kharif crop. This grain is grown on more land area than any other commercial food. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food. It is having a higher protein content than other major cereals, maize (corn) or rice. In terms of total production tonnages used for food, it is currently second to rice as the main human food crop and ahead of maize, after allowing for maize's more extensive use in animal feeds. So, it is most important compared to cotton, millet and barley. Thus, option B is correct.

Soybean contains 72% protein. Wheat has 52%, rice has 8% and gram has 38% of protein. Among the given options, highest protein content in present in the soybean. Hence, it is the richest source of protein. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

High levels of aspartic acid and low nitrogen/sugar content in maize are known chemical defenses that make the plant less attractive or nutritious to stem borers.

Himgiri is a well-known wheat variety developed through hybridization and selection for disease resistance, specifically against leaf and stripe rust.

The quality of cotton fiber is primarily evaluated based on its staple length, which determines the strength and fineness of the yarn that can be spun.

Maize (Zea mays) has been so heavily domesticated that its seeds cannot disperse naturally without human intervention (the cob is enclosed in husks).

Crops, harvest are agricultural crops that are sown in winter and harvested in the spring in South Asia are called Rabi crops. Eg: Mustard, Pea, Wheat.

So, the correct option is ‘Rice’. 

Sugarcane is not a Rabi crop. It is a Kharif crop. Kharif crops are grown in rainy season.

Chenopodium is a fast growing annual weed affecting wheat farms. 

Rice is one of the chief grains of India. Moreover, this country has the largest area under rice cultivation, as it is one of the principal food crops. It is, in fact, the dominant crop of the country. In India, the largest area under cultivation of rice is in Uttar Pradesh. 

The crops that are sown in winter and harvested in spring season are Rabi crops. For example, Oats, pulses, mustard, linseed, etc are some Rabi crops. Rabi crops are mainly harvested in the spring season which is suitable for it.

• The crops which don't have to wait for the monsoon to arrive and are grown in irrigated lands are called Zaid crops. 
• They are grown in duration between Rabi and Kharif crop season i.e, mainly from March to June. 
• They require warm and dry weather for their growth. Cucumber, sunflower, watermelon, sugar-cane are some examples of Zaid crops.

• The word 'Kharif' came with the arrival of Mughals in the Indian subcontinent and are widely used ever since. Kharif means "autumn" in Arabic. Since this period coincides with the beginning of autumn/winter in the Indian subcontinent, it is called as "Kharif period". 

The method of growing two or more crops simultaneously on same piece of land is called mixed cropping or inter-cropping. This method helps in improving the fertility of soil.