Urban local government bodies - class-XII

People who own homes have to pay a property tax. The larger the house the more the tax. Property tax, however, forms only 25-30% of the money that a Municipal Corporation earns.

Functions of Municipal Corporation :

Property taxes form only 25-30 percent of the money that a Municipal Corporation earns.

Municipal Corporation is a local governing body which is found in big cities.

It is the Municipal Corporation that decides on which day of the week the market has to remain closed.

Municipal corporation of the city issues the license to the permanent shops in the city.

The distribution of power between the Central, State, and Local governments is the classic definition of vertical power sharing, which occurs across different levels of government.

Article 243-P to Article 243-G of Indian Constitution defines municipal council as a local government that administers or control a city with the population around 1 lakh or more. It is basically created to cater small districts or large towns. Its work and functions are similar to that of the Municipal corporation. The only difference is that Municipal Corporation administers metropolitan cities with population more than 1 million.

• Town Area Committee - Type of Urban local body
• Zila Parishad - District level panchayat council- Third tier of Panchayat local body.
• Municipal Corporation - Type of Urban local body.

•                                     <div class="option-text o3_text block">Food Corporation of India - Central government organization - Helps in supply chain management of food grains in the country.<br></div></li></ul>
  

• Sources of income to a municipality are

• Income tax is a Union list subject and doesn't come under local body subjects.
  

The salient features of the 74th Amendment Act, 1992 are:

The Mayor is the chairperson of the Municipal Corporation. The Mayor performs the work of chairing the Corporation meeting and is also associated with being the First Citizen of the city.

A Municipal Corporation is an urban local body that administers urban area with a population of more than one million. Among all urban local bodies, the municipal corporation enjoys a greater degree of autonomy. It deals directly with the state government for its functions.

A Municipal Corporation, City Corporation, Mahanagar Palika or Mahanagar Nigam is a local government in India that administers urban areas with a population of more than one million. The growing population and urbanization in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like healthcare, educational institution, housing, transport etc. by collecting property tax and fixed grant from the State Government. Its sources of income are taxes on water, houses, markets, entertainment, and vehicles paid by residents of the town and grants from the state government.

Municipal
ward committees act as bridge between municipal government and citizens. They act
as institutions of neighborhood governance. They increase proximity between elected
representatives and citizens. They also provide a space for citizen
participation in local level planning. Municipal Council establishes ward
committees when the population of a city is more than three lakhs. Their
representatives are nominated by the elected Councillors.

• Municipalities - Towns 
• Municipal Corporation - Big Cities 

• Municipal Corporation- Population more than 100,000
• Municipal Councils - Towns with population between 25,000 and 100,000
• Nagar Panchayat- Population between 11,000 and 25,000
  

A Municipal Council is an urban local body that administers a city of population one lakh or more. Generally, small districts or large towns have municipality. Its functions are almost same as municipal corporations.

The functions of the Municipal Corporation are divided into two parts. Obligatory functions and the discretionary functions. Obligatory functions include providing proper health care facilities, proper schooling, construction of roads, safe drinking water, electricity etc. Discretionary functions, on the other hand, includes maintaining other public amenities which are optional and not that important like parks, libraries, museums, theatre, construction of orphanage and old age homes, night shelters etc.

A Municipal Corporation is an urban local body that carries out the functions that are concerned with the residents of the area. The municipal corporation appoints its own staffs to carry out the functions like:-

A Municipal Corporation is entrusted to perform functions that are in the well being of the residents of that particular area. The functions and duties of a Municipal Corporation are as mentioned below.

A Municipal Council is an urban local body that administers a city or smaller town of the population ranging between twenty thousand to three lakh. The functions of the Municipal Council is same as that of Municipal Corporation.

A Municipal Corporation is made up of wards committee. Members are elected to the ward committees on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. These members are called as councilors. The election procedure for electing the members of Municipal Corporation is same as that of the Legislative Assembly of a state.

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of Constitution 1992 made the provision of Local self Government. It consists of three-tier system Municipal Corporation, Municipality, and Nagar Panchayat.  The representatives of Municipal Council are elected from the wards on the basis of Adult Franchise for the period of Five years which are called Councillors and headed by Mayor who is elected by the same process.

Patwari is a village officer in the local authority who maintains the ownership records for a specific area as well as to undertake the collection of land taxes. He is responsible for measuring the land and maintaining land records. He is known by different names in different states- talati, kanungo, tehsildar,etc.

Every district has a Deputy Commissioner or District collector appointed by the state government to look after the administration, law, and order of the district. A collector is the administrative head of the district. An Indian Administrative Service cadre officer is appointed as a district collector.

District is divided into various small regions called Tehsil for smooth and easier administration and for implementation of the law and order. Just like DC heads a district a Tehsildar heads the tehsil. He is administrative head of the tehsil.

The Mayor is the titular head of the Municipal Corporation and presides over the meetings of the corporation. He is the principal spokesperson for the Council and supports good working relations between the Councillors.

A Nagar Panchayat is a form of an urban political unit  that administers population more than 11000 and less than 25000.The villages that are in the process of becoming towns have a Nagar Panchayat to look after the basic needs of the residents.

The municipal council is an urban local body. It is composed of councilors who are elected from wards, the mayor is the head of Municipal Council and such other employees of State Government as Chief Officer, Planning officer, health officer who perform administrative functions.

The functions of Municipal Corporation are of two types. (1) Obligatory and Discretionary. The obligatory function includes this function which must be performed by the Corporation the discretionary functions are those which are not compulsory but may be taken up depending upon its final resources. Obligatory functions include the supply of water and maintenance of waterworks, the supply of electricity, maintenance of roads. etc. Discretionary functions include construction of Public Houses, registration of marriages, construction of public parks and gardens.etc.

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act,1992 provided for provisions of urban Local Self-government. Municipal Corporation administers area with the population of more than 1 million. The members are directly elected from wards known as councilors and head is called Mayor. Its term is for a period of five years but can be dissolved by State Government(Governor) if it fails to perform it's duty properly or have abused the power given.

A Municipal Corporation is a local governing body whose duty is to look after the basic needs of the resident of a city. A municipal corporation comprises of The Mayor, The General Councils, The Standing committee, The Municipal Commissioner, Councillors or Contractors and other ward members.

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 introduced a new Part IXA in the Constitution, which deals with Municipalities in an article 243 P to 243 ZG. It was passed to accord formal recognition to ULBs in the Constitution and make them more autonomous and participatory. States were put under constitutional obligation to adopt municipalities as per system enshrined in the constitution.

The source of revenue of the Municipal Council are mentioned below:

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of Constitution 1992 made the provision of Local self Government. Municipal Council (Municipality) is an urban local Body. The size of the Municipality is determined by the State Government. The town is divided into wards according to population and members are elected from each ward. The Executive Officer appointed by the State government to conduct administrative work. It interacts directly with state government through its administrative part in the District.

According to the Article 243R, the manner of election of Chairpersons of municipalities has been left to be specified by the State Legislature. 

• Scarcity of drinking water should be given priority over the other issues.
• Road bottlenecks / blocks , poor system of drainage and bad roads and bridges issues will have alternative choices to carry out operations but water doesn't have any alternative.
• Water should be given ultimate preference over any alternative by the government.
  

The Chairman is the head of the Nagar Panchayat while the Executive Officer is the official in charge of the Nagar Panchayat. Executive Officers monitor the implementation of all the programs related to planning and development of the Nagar Panchayat with the coordination of the Chairman and all ward members.

• Municipality which is also called as Nagar Palika, municipal council or Municipal Corporation is a local self-governing body. These are found in the towns. Head of a municipality is Mayor.
  
• Among the following maintenance of health and sanitation, registration of births and deaths, providing primary education are the functions of Municipal Corporation whereas disposal of the civil disputes is not its function.
  

The Councillor's Committees and the Councillors decide on issues. The complicated decisions that affect the entire city are taken by the Councillor's Committees. The Councillors are elected 

People who own home have to pay a property tax as well as taxes for water and other services. The larger the house the more the tax.

Gangabai rushed to the house of ward councillor.

A Municipal Corporation is a local governing body that administers urban areas having a population more than one million. It is responsible for performing the functions that are concerned with the residents of that particular area like bigger cities, metropolitan cities etc. It is responsible for the following functions:-

Municipal Councils are established for the administration of towns and smaller cities. They are also known as municipalities, municipal committee, municipal board, etc. It has three authorities, namely, the council, the standing committee, and the chief executive officer.

The reservation of seats for women has been made in urban local bodies like in the municipal corporation.

The District Collector is the chief executive officer of the district. A District Collector is an Indian Administrative Service officer (IAS). He is the in charge of revenue collection and administration of a district. This post is also referred to as the District Magistrate. The District Collector works under the supervision of a Divisional Commissioner.

The members of the Nagar Panchayat are elected from the several wards on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for the scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, backward class and woman in the election. The ward members are chosen through direct election.