Irrigation, Water Resources and Fisheries - India

It sounds incredible but it’s true that the world’s wettest town - Cherrapunji - is now suffering from a shortage of drinking water. The problem is that Cherrapunji lies atop a high limestone plateau. Rain falling on the town drains away immediately. Very little rain collection takes place, because the locals don’t like the taste of water running off rusty tin roofs. With a growth in the town population, water has to be carried up from the plains during the drier winter months.

Water is a fundamental element provided by nature and is essential for life, making it a natural resource.

India supports a significant portion of the global population (roughly 17-20%) but possesses only about 4% of the world's renewable freshwater resources.

Irrigation in India includes both major and minor canals from Indian rivers, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities. The Economic Survey of $2018$ states that agriculture in India even today relies heavily on weather because the percentage of irrigated land in India is $34.5\%$ as per the survey.

Based on the availability of surface (river) and groundwater, relief, soils, and climatic conditions, different means of irrigation are utilised in India. The conventional means of irrigation include wells, tanks and inundation canals. 

It is the most advanced and efficient method of irrigation. It is usually used to irrigate fruits and vegetables. It helps in water conservation.

Irrigation is the method by which water is collected, stored and supplied controllably when required by artificial means.

Dams are one of the sources of irrigation. This is achieved by construction of reservoirs where water is stored and utilised when required in the absence of rain.

B.  Reduction of Water table

One of the main threats to tubewell irrigation is that of over-abstraction leading to a lowering of the water table. If the rate of withdrawal is greater than the rate at which an aquifer is re-charged from surface water intrusion, there is a risk of eventual exhaustion.

Groundwater use and over use can raise important equity issues, particularly in rural areas when, following increased consumption, the level of water tables has been lowered. Only the richer farmers or land owners can afford to sink deep wells and boreholes and to purchase the more powerful pumps necessary to abstract groundwater.

Excessive use of water for cultivation of rice and other crops leads to environmental degradation, fall of groundwater level and threatening to the sustainability of agricultural development.

Based on the availability, resources are classified as renewable and non-renewable.

• Renewable resources: These are the sources which can be replenished over a period of time. An example is forest wood because wood can be grown by reforestation.
  
• Non-renewable: These are the sources that cannot be renewed and available in limited quantities. Examples include coal, nuclear, oil, and natural gas.
  

As ground water can continuously supply water resources it falls under the category of renewable resource. 

• A dam is a man-made structure built across a river.
•  Most dams are built to control river flow, improve navigation, and regulate flooding.
  
• Dams are made from earth, rocks or concrete and are usually constructed on rivers to store the water in a reservoir.
  
• All rivers contain sediments: a river, in fact,can be considered a body of flowing sediments .
•  When a river is stilled behind a dam, the sediments it contains sink to the bottom of the reservoir. 
  
• The amount of sediment carried into a reservoir is at its highest during floods .
  
• The construction of a dam blocks the flow of sediment downstream,  and increased sediment build-up in the reservoir.
  
• This triggers floods,

Freshwater sources include:

• Groundwater - Water found in shallow aquifers beneath the earth's surface. This water is generally found at depths up to 2,000 feet deep.
  
• Precipitation: It is nothing but the rain water which is an important source of fresh water. In fact it is the purest natural source of freshwater.
  
• Surface water - Water found in streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
  

 Dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Hence, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects.

Water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal access to it. A large population means more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. Hence, to facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry-season agriculture. 

In India monsoon usually lasts from July to September. It is very irregular and unpredictable. India usually have no rains when needed and hence India requires highly sophisticated irrigation facilities and construction of reservoirs by which rain water can be stored and used all along the year. This is the major problem with Indian water potential though it has abundant rainfall. 

The geological structure of South India consists largely of hard crystalline rocks (peninsular shield), which makes digging wells difficult and expensive compared to the soft alluvial soil of the North.

Tungabhadra project is the joint project of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka governments located in Bellari district. The dam is built across the Tungabhadra river which is a tributary of Krishna. It is one of the biggest multipurpose projects in India.

Ans. 25%-Canals are useful sources of irrigation where there are perennial sources of water. Since the water availability has declined, canal as a source of irrigation has also declined. However Punjab, Haryana and certain regions in UP still use canals as their preferred source. Wells and tubewells are the most important source of irrigation today. 

• Karez is also called turpan water system. It is usually followed in China. Turpan's karez water system is made up of a horizontal series of vertically dug wells that are then linked by underground water canals to collect water.
  
• These are not followed in India.
  

• Tank irrigation includes storage of water by constructing a bund across the stream. Peninsular plateau is leading in tank irrigation out of which Andhra Pradesh stands first.
  
• It is also suitable in Tamil Nadu region.
  
• Tank irrigation becomes continuous source of water and helps in preventing wastage of rain water especially in Deccan region where temperature is very high.
  
• But the demerit of tank irrigation is that water can be lost through evaporation.
  

• Sprinklers are used as irrigation tools that supply water to agricultural crops.
  
• It is very much useful as water is let out and sprinkled through small knobs. This checks wastage of water by seepage and evaporation.
  
• Apart from irrigation sprinklers are also used in industrial purposes.
  

• Tank irrigation includes storage of water by constructing a bund across the stream. Peninsular plateau is leading in tank irrigation out of which Andhra Pradesh stands first.
  
• Tank irrigation becomes continuous source of water and helps in preventing wastage of rain water especially in Deccan region where temperature is very high
  
• But the demerit of tank irrigation is that water can be lost through evaporation.
  

In India monsoon usually lasts from July to September. It is very irregular and un predictable and hence India requires highly sophisticated irrigation facilities by which rain water can be stored and used all along the year. 

• India's rank in the world with respect to the amount of water available per person per year is 133.
  
• India is the second largest consumer of water in the world. Its consumption contributes 20.1% of world’s consumption of water.
  
• The per capita water available in India is 297.7 cubic meter. 
  

• India is currently, under no such stress; however, it is expected to become a moderate water scarce country by 2050.India is a developing country which needs water for its increasing population and economy. It is being projected that water demand in India is going to be as high as 24% by 2025.

• Irrigation is the method by which water is collected, stored and supplied controllably when required by artificial means.
  
• All the given options like increase in salinization, groundwater depletion, etc., are not the outcome of irrigation projects. But sometimes reservoirs may result in floods due to loss of capacity in the reservoirs caused by sedimentation.
  

• Rajasthan canal which is renamed as Indira Gandhi canal starts at Harike barrage, Punjab and terminates in Thar Desert of Rajasthan. It takes its waters from Sutlej River one of the tributaries of Indus River.
  
• The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into rich and lush fields.
  

• Chilika is the name of a lake present in the aster coast of India.
  
• It is a brackish water lagoon present in the state of Odisha. It flows into Bay of Bengal.
  
• The lake is an ecosystem with large fishery resources.
  

Tank irrigation is most prevalent in the peninsular plateau region of India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, due to the undulating terrain and hard rock surface that allows for the collection of rainwater in depressions.

Canal irrigation occupies the second place after well irrigation and accounts for about 27% of the total irrigated area. India has one of the world’s largest canal systems. Canal irrigation is extensive in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar.

South India's geology features hard granite rock formations covered by thin soil layers. Traditional well-digging through this rock is extremely difficult and expensive. Tube wells requiring drilling equipment are more common, but still challenging compared to alluvial regions.

India's agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon, which is seasonal and often unpredictable. Irrigation is necessary to provide water during dry periods when rainfall is absent.

Canals are a major source of irrigation in India, covering a significant portion of the net irrigated area, with statistics often citing around 40-42%.

Irrigation is generally considered necessary in areas where annual rainfall is less than 75 cm, as these regions are prone to drought and water scarcity for crops.

In India, the irrigation of agricultural land is carried out maximum by Canals (29%). The longest canal in India is Indira Gandhi Canal about (650 km) this canal is also called Rajasthan feeder.

Uttar Pradesh has the largest net irrigated area in India, and a significant portion of this is served by well and tube-well irrigation due to the favorable alluvial soil and groundwater availability.

The Eden Canal is a well-known irrigation canal located in the West Bengal region, specifically serving the Damodar river basin area.

The Indira Gandhi Canal, formerly known as the Rajasthan Canal, is one of the largest irrigation projects in India, designed to bring water to the arid regions of Rajasthan.

Indira Gandhi Canal is the longest irrigation canal in India, extending from Harike Barrage in Punjab to the Thar Desert in Rajasthan. It is one of the world's largest canal systems, playing a crucial role in agricultural development in northwestern India. Upper Bari Doab, Sirhind, and Yamuna canals are regional canals with far smaller lengths.

Canal irrigation is the most widespread and significant form of irrigation in India due to the country's extensive river systems and flat plains. Other methods like drip or sprinkler are modern but less prevalent in total area covered compared to canals.

The Godavari river basin is the largest in Southern India, often referred to as the Dakshin Ganga. It covers a vast area and provides significant water resources to multiple states.

Sources
of irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian
rivers, groundwater well based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting
projects for agricultural activities. Irrigation in India helps improve food
security, reduce dependence on monsoons, improve agricultural productivity and create
rural job opportunities. India’s total area under irrigation is 64.7 million
hectares. Of this maximum 45% is shared by tube wells followed by Canals and
wells. So, in India wells and tubewells has the maximum area.

In Eastern and Southern states, pond irrigation is a major source is a wrong statement. Wells and tube wells are the most important sources of irrigation followed by canal irrigation. Pond irrigation or rainwater harvesting form only a small portion of the irrigation system.

Canal irrigation dominates in Northern Plains primarily because the region has perennial rivers like Ganga, Indus, and Brahmaputra that provide year-round water supply. These snow-fed rivers ensure continuous flow, making canal irrigation viable and productive. Porous soil would actually hinder canal irrigation, high underground water level suggests less need for irrigation, and population density is a consequence not a cause.

The Hirakud Dam project on the Mahanadi River is one of the longest dams in the world and provides irrigation to a vast area in Odisha. While other projects are large, Hirakud is frequently cited for its massive irrigation coverage.

The Dhawaleswaram Anicut is a historic irrigation structure built across the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh. It is vital for the irrigation of the Godavari Delta.

The Damodar-Tribeni Canal is a specific irrigation and navigation project. Historical records confirm its length is approximately 137 km.

Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers, groundwater well based systems, tanks,etc. About 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent monsoons. Uttar Pradesh is the highest irrigated state (17.6 million hectares) in India.

The Buckingham Canal is a man-made navigation canal that runs parallel to the Coromandel Coast. It connects Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh to Villupuram in Tamil Nadu.

The Buckingham Canal is a well-known inland waterway located in India, specifically running through the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, and Karnataka having the lowest net sown area under irrigation Whereas Punjab and Haryana have the highest net sown area.

The maximum part of the total irrigated area of the country by canals is in Uttar Pradesh. Other major states where irrigation is done by canals are Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and Bihar.

Primary activities are those directly dependent on the environment for raw materials. Fishing, along with agriculture, mining, and forestry, falls under the primary sector.

• Whale hunting is carried out in the oceans. 

Fishing in the oceans is typically a very multifaceted action, you can imagine the high concentration hurricane usually present in the ocean, it may be very difficult for the fishermen to cop up the situation, this is because the boats used for fishing may be influenced by the storm to a point of leasing water into the boats and finally making the boats to overturn. 

Fishing is a major activity that can selectively remove a large portion of animal populations and also considerably change tropic connections. Fishing gear that drags the bottom at times, such as bottom-trawls, pots, and loglines, can alter marine habitats, especially benthic or reef habitats. 

Because fish populations change naturally, sometimes by orders of magnitude, separating the effects of fishing from natural and environmental unpredictability is difficult.

Thus, the correct option is D.

• Inland fisheries are generally characterized by small-scale/household-based activities. Participation in fisheries is high and the bulk of the catch is consumed locally.

Marine fisheries, as well as fisheries in large lakes, depend on the coastal region in a variety of ways. Most capture fisheries are base on coastal stocks; others develop offshore stock which spends part of their life in inshore waters, e.g., in a nursery school or feed area. 

Fish stocks also rely on the main efficiency in the coastal area as an important part of the food chain. Coastal aquaculture is also greatly charged on the coastal area for liberty and wealth. 

This dependence of the marine fisheries segment on the coastal area makes it mainly at risk to activities which result in coastal environmental change which may have major impacts on the sector. At the same time, the fisheries sector can affect other coastal activities.

Thus, the correct option is A.

• The Tonle Sap is the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia and one of the richest inland fishing grounds in the world.
  
• The Tonle Sap is one of the world's most productive freshwater fisheries and the main source of protein and fatty acids for Cambodia's roughly 15 million inhabitants.