Transgenic animals - class-X

Tracy is a well-known transgenic sheep produced to secrete human alpha-1 antitrypsin in her milk. Rosie is a transgenic cow, and ANDI is a transgenic rhesus monkey.

Statement A is incorrect because Rosie was a transgenic cow, not a buffalo. Statement B is incorrect because restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sites, not for the isolation of DNA from other macromolecules (which is done via chemical extraction).

Early diagnosis of disease cannot be done by transgenic animals but through techniques such as PCR and ELISA.

Interbreeding of particular species for a larger amount of time causes the recessive traits to appear in the offspring and those result in infertility. Inbreeding is not recommended and cross-breeding is required. When the transgenic mice are inbred for very large duration infertility is caused.

Tracy is a transgenic sheep, but the term 'first transgenic animal for food production' is not the standard descriptor for her; she was designed for pharmaceutical protein production (molecular farming). However, in the context of typical exam distractors, this is the intended incorrect pair compared to the others which are standard textbook associations.

A human protein which is obtained from transgenic animals and is used to treat emphysema is α−1-antitrypsin. Transgenic animals that produce useful biological products can be created by the introduction of the portion of DNA which codes for particular product such as human proteins. 

ANDi, is the first transgenic monkey. It has been named ANDi, the acronym of "inserted DNA". In this DNA of a fluorescent jellyfish was introduced into an unfertilised egg of a Rhesus monkey in a test tube.

Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows and fish have been produced, althrough 95% of all existing transgenic animals are mice.

Mouse is the most preferred animal for studies on gene transfer due to many favourable features like short oestrous cycle and gestation period, relatively short generation time, production of several offspring per pregnancy, convenient in vitro fertilisation, successful culture of embryo in vitro, etc.

Transgenic mouse is larger because expression of the gene for human growth factor has been introduced into it.

Transgenic animals are animals that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. Such, animals are most commonly created by micro-injection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilized egg which is implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother. This results in the recipient giving birth to genetically modified offspring. 

Bioethics encompasses various principles including animal welfare, environmental impact, and individual autonomy in research. All listed options are recognized areas of concern within the broader field of bioethics.

Transformation is typically used for bacteria, while transfection refers to the introduction of foreign nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. Transduction specifically refers to virus-mediated gene transfer.

Genetic engineering has great potential for improving the safety of plant-based foods by eliminating allergenic components. 

Answer is option A i.e. "Conversion of perishable raw material into the nonperishable food product"
Biotechnology in the food processing sector makes use of micro-organisms for the preservation of food. Food processing is a process by which perishable raw materials are converted to edible and  non-perishable foods and beverages, which have a longer shelf life.

Mice are the most commonly used laboratory animals in genetic research due to their short generation time, ease of handling, and well-mapped genome. They account for the vast majority of transgenic animal models.

Cloning technology, particularly somatic cell nuclear transfer, often results in high rates of developmental failures, birth defects, and premature aging in clones. These issues remain a significant barrier to widespread application.

A transgenic animal is defined by the stable integration of foreign DNA into its genome, which is typically achieved by injecting the DNA into the zygote, ensuring the gene is present in all cells of the resulting organism.

Pigs are frequently used in research for xenotransplantation because their organ size and physiology are relatively similar to humans, and they can be genetically modified to reduce immune rejection.

Electroporation is a technique that uses high-voltage electrical pulses to create temporary pores in the cell membrane, allowing DNA to enter the cell.

Both the lacZ gene (which produces beta-galactosidase) and Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) are widely used as reporter genes to monitor gene expression or transformation success.

Successful gene transformation requires the foreign DNA itself, a vector (like a plasmid) to carry it, and a selectable marker to identify which cells have successfully taken up the DNA.

The '3Rs' principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) is the standard ethical framework for the use of animals in scientific research.

Both native animals and transgenic animals suffer in different ways - native animals from ecological disruption and competition, and transgenic animals from the genetic manipulation procedures and health effects. The question asks which suffers more, and the answer implies both experience significant suffering.

Animal insulin is derived from cows and pigs. Until the 1980s, animal insulin was the only treatment for insulin dependent diabetes. These days the use of animal insulin has largely been replaced by human insulin and human analogue insulin, however, animal insulin is still available on prescription.

Chymosin, commonly known as rennin, is the principal milk- coagulating enzyme present in rennet. Rennet, which has a long and extensive history of safe use in making cheese and other dairy products.

Bioremediation is the use of living micro organisms to degrade the environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and the environment.

A common argument for animal testing is that it serves as a safety screen to prevent human exposure to toxic chemicals or dangerous drugs before they are released for general use.

Before animal testing anesthesia should be given to the animals because they are living they can feel pain and also its an ethical issue.

Refinement refers to methods that minimise the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that may be experienced by research animals, and which improve their welfare. 

Pain and disease are major ethical issues. Infertility is not one of them.

In research studies, animals that have been genetically engineered include cattle, pigs, chickens, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, fish, rats and mice. As scientists have sequenced the genomes of domestic animals, more is known about genes and the traits that they control.

A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology. A transgenic organism carries in all its cells a foreign gene that was inserted by laboratory techniques. Each transgenic organism is produced by introducing cloned genes, composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from microbes, animals or plants, into plant and animal cells. 

Reporter genes are classified into selectable markers (which allow survival under selective pressure) and scoreable markers (which allow visual identification of transformed cells).

Selectable markers provide a survival advantage (like antibiotic resistance) to transformed cells while inhibiting the growth of non-transformed cells in a selective medium.

The ethical issues considered for developing transgenic animals are yielding capacity, long term effect on the environment, quality of the breed. They include bioethicists, environmentalists. the results of genetic alteration would be suffered and hence such experimentation should be banned (Eg, a pig with no legs)

The genetic engineering of animals has increased significantly in recent years, and the use of this technology brings with it ethical issues, some of which relate to animal welfare — defined by the World Organisation for Animal Health as “the state of the animal.

Pseudomonas putida is a well-known bacterium genetically engineered to degrade hydrocarbons, including naphthalene, making it useful for bioremediation.

Acrylamide does not form, or forms at lower levels, in dairy, meat, and fish products. so the enzymatic degradation of lactose in dairy produts can reduce the acrylamide.

Alpha-lactalbumin is a major milk whey protein. It is involved in the process of lactose synthesis. The first transgenic cow was produced with human alpha-lactalbumin gene introduced into it. The milk of transgenic cow contained about 2.4 grams/lit of human protein.

The replacement principle involves using non-animal alternatives. Improving experimental techniques is part of the 'Refinement' principle, not 'Replacement'.

When the transgenic mice were a few weeks old, they were given drinking water containing zinc. Mice carrying the transgene grew to twice the size of their litter mates because the metallothionein enhancer sequence stimulated by zinc had increased growth hormone production.

Mice are the most frequently used transgenic animals in research, accounting for over 95% of all transgenic animal models due to their biological similarities to humans and ease of genetic manipulation.

Transgenic animals are used for testing chemical safety, testing vaccine safety, and producing pharmaceutical proteins. 'Stimulation of pathogenicity' is not a standard purpose - transgenic animals may model disease but not 'stimulate pathogenicity,' which is poorly phrased and unclear.