Components of food - class-XI

Anemia occurs when a person has lower-than-normal levels of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, which occurs when your body does not have enough of the mineral iron. Your body needs iron to produce a protein called haemoglobin, which is responsible for carrying oxygen to your body’s tissues. Your tissues and muscles need oxygen to function effectively.

Iodine is an important mineral required in diet. Iodine is a component of thyroid hormone. Its deficiency causes goitre. 

• Cicer arietinum ( chickpeas ) are one of the most widely consumed pulses in the world.
• They are a great source of plant based protein, providing 20% or higher of the daily value of protein.
• They also contain exceptional levels of iron,vitamin B$ _6$ and magnesium.
• So the correct answer is 'Cicer arietinum'

The nitrogenous compound in our diet is a protein which is made up of various amino acids containing the amino group. These are found in the nodulated plants that mostly belongs to family Fabaceae includes all types of pulses, soybean, til.

Fibrous proteins which are most familiar, and  are probably the keratins, which form the protective covering of all land vertebrates: skin, fur, hair, wool, claws, nails, hooves, horns, scales, beaks and feathers. Albumin is not a structural protein.

So, the correct option is 'Albumin'.

The activator proteins bind to the operator site on the m-RNA to start the process of transcription. This is called as positive regulation since it starts the transcription process and hence the activator protein is called positively regulatory proteins.

Proteins are an important component and are the building block of each cell and perform various functions like:

Proteins are made up of amino acids. The amino acids are molecules containing amine group (NH$ _2$), carboxylic acid group (COOH), and side chains (R).

Lysine is an essential amino acid that helps your body to absorb calcium, burn fat and maintain your skin, tendons, bones and cartilage. Most good sources of lysine are high-protein foods, like meat, cheese and legumes. With their low protein content, grains tend to be poor sources of lysine. However, high-protein grains like wheat can greatly add to your lysine intake. So, the correct answer is 'Wheat'..

Kwashiorkor manifests symptoms of protein deficiency. This can be prevented by giving children protein rich diet.

Casein is protein which form the part of food for the young animal. Best source of casein is milk.

The anhydrobonds of protein are called peptide bonds. A peptide bond is formed between carboxyl group of one amino acid and amino group of adjacent.

Since proteins form components of cytoplasm, therefore it is responsible for growth and repair.

Collagen is the most abundant extracellular protein which with ageing becomes less permeable, less flexible and insoluble. These changes interfere the normal functioning of the cells (decreased inflow of nutritive substances and oxygen into cells and also decreased loss of nitrogenous waste and $CO _{2}$ from the body cells) and induce ageing.

Proteins are the primary structural components of cells and tissues, often referred to as body-building foods because they are essential for growth and repair.

A moderately active man typically requires approximately 2500 to 3000 kcal per day. 3160 kcal is the most realistic value among the choices provided.

Rennin is an enzyme secreted in the stomach that acts on the milk protein caseinogen and converts it into insoluble paracasein, which is subsequently precipitated by calcium ions to form curd. This is a key step in infant milk digestion.

Enterokinase is the enzyme that activates trypsinogen into trypsin. Without trypsin, other pancreatic proteases cannot be activated, making protein digestion in the duodenum impossible.

Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that consist of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. They transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body.

Chylomicrons are essentially fat droplets (triglycerides) coated with proteins and phospholipids to make them water-soluble for transport in the lymph and blood.

Pulses are the rich sources of protein whereas bread, rice and potato are rich in carbohydrate and starch.

• Essential amino acids are not produced in the body, so they are to be taken from outside.
• There are 9 essential amino acids; Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine

Enzymes with protein and non protein part is called conjugated enzyme. It is also called holoenzyme. In this, protein part is called apoenzyme and non protein part is called co-factor. In the co-factor, organic co-factors are called co-enzymes and inorganic co-factors are called metal ions.

• Structural proteins are the proteins that are generally fibrous and stringy. They are the most abundant class of proteins in nature. Their main function is to provide mechanical support. Examples of structural proteins can be keratin, collagen, fibrin and elastin.
  
• Albumin is a type of transport protein which help to transport the materials in the cells and form channels in the plasma membrane.
  

Antibodies are the type of protein molecule formed within the body of an animal in order to neutralize the effect of a foreign invading protein (antigens).

There are 20 amino acids found inside our body. The name of these 20 common amino acids is as follows: alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine. They get combined in an unlimited number of configurations to construct all the required proteins with which our body is built.

Cereals are rich in carbohydrates, milk/pulses are rich in proteins, and vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest cellulose. Hay and grasses are particularly abundant in cellulose, and both are indigestible by humans (although humans can digest starch). Animals such as termites and herbivores such as cows, koalas and horses all digest cellulose, but even these animals do not themselves have an enzyme that digests this material. Instead, these animals harbour microbes that can digest cellulose. Animals such as cows have anaerobic bacteria in their digestive tracts which digest cellulose. Cows are ruminants. Ruminants have several stomachs that break down plant materials with the help of enzymes and bacteria. The partially digested material is then regurgitated into the mouth, which is then chewed to break the material down even further. The bacterial digestion of cellulose by bacteria in the stomachs of ruminants is anaerobic, meaning that the process does not use oxygen. 

The digestive system of Humans has many enzymes, and acids to break down and digest all kinds of different foods (carbohydrates. proteins and fats), but do not have the enzymes needed to break down cellulose. Cows, Goats, Sheep and other animals that graze on many organic foods(For example, grass) do have the enzymes needed to break down cellulose. Hence The part of food that is not digested in the body is Cellulose because the cellulose-digesting enzyme is absent.

So, the correct answer is 'cellulose'.

Humans lack the enzyme cellulase required to break down cellulose. Therefore, cellulose cannot be digested by human enzymes, nor by symbiotic bacteria in the human gut.

The glyoxalate cycle converts the fats into carbohydrates. This takes place in the organelles which are known as peroxisomes.

A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. Triglycerides are emulsified by bile and hydrolyzed by the enzyme lipase, resulting in a mixture of fatty acids and monoglycerides. These chylomicrons then pass into the lacteals, forming a milky substance known as chyle.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of linear chain of numerous linked D-glucose units whereas proteins are formed of number of amino acids linked together by peptide linkage.

Brown fat cells are specialized for thermogenesis and contain a high density of mitochondria, which give the tissue its characteristic brown color. White fat cells primarily store energy and have fewer mitochondria.

• The most abundant lipid present in the cell membrane is phospholipids.
• The cell membrane is called lipid bilayer as it is a double layer membrane made up of phospholipids. 
• Phospholipids consist of a polar head group and non-polar fatty acid tails. 
• The arrangement of these phospholipids in the cell membrane makes the cell membrane permeable.
  
• The correct answer is OPTION B.

A pound of butter contains more usable energy than a pound of sugar for a human because a fat molecule has more carbon-hydrogen bonds than a sugar molecule. Butter contains fat molecules and sugar contains carbohydrates. Fat molecule have low ratio of oxygen and hydrogen comparison to carbohydrates and they have more carbon-hydrogen bonds than carbohydrates.

• Coconut oil is a source of fat obtained from plants, while rest all i.e. butter, cream, and cod liver oil are obtained from animals. Thus option C is the correct answer. 

Oil, ghee and butter source of fats; egg source of proteins; rice, wheat, potato source of carbohydrates; iron and calcium are essential minerals.

Lipids are a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. They are the most calorigenic among the biomolecules. Chemically lipids are hydrophobic.

On oxidation of 1gm of fat energy yield is 9.3 cal. For carbohydrate and proteins, the energy value is roughly around 4 cal. Vitamins are not energy yielding compounds.

The predominant lipids present in the biomembrane are phospholipids, having a polar water soluble phosphorous head and a non polar long aliphatic tail. The polar head is exposed on the surface while the hydrophobic tail remains buried inside.

Steroids like cholesterol are crystallisable lipids having four hydrocarbon rings (phenanthrene, consisting of three cyclohexane and one cyclopentane) and a long hydrocarbon side chain. Fatty acids are absent. Sterols are precursors of steroid hormone and vitamin D. They are essential for plant growth and flowering. Cholesterol forms bile salts and hence, essential for absorption of fatty acids.