Ascertainment of profit and loss - class-XI

The unit of measure concept is a standard convention used in accounting, under which all transactions must be consistently recorded using the same currency. 

Under GST law, input tax credit claimed by a registered person is credited to their Electronic Credit Ledger.

Savings and loan associations are financial institutions that specialize in accepting savings deposits and making mortgage loans.

The primary objective of financial management in a corporate context is to maximize the wealth of shareholders, which is reflected in the market price of the company's shares.

If overtime is requested by a specific customer, the cost (including the premium) is directly attributable to that job and should be charged to it.

Authorized capital (or nominal capital) is the maximum amount of share capital that a company is authorized to issue according to its constitutional documents.

Bonds issued by a foreign entity in a domestic market are known as foreign bonds.

A post closing trial balance is a trial balance which is prepared after all the temporary accounts in the general ledger have been closed. The post closing trial balance shows the total balance of permanent accounts at thee end of the reporting period. Permanent accounts are the account type found in a balance sheet, i.e., assets and liabilities such as inventories, unearned salaries, notes payable, retained earnings etc.

The equivalent units completed in the current period are calculated as: (Total units to account for) - (Beginning WIP) - (Ending WIP). However, using the standard formula for equivalent units: Current period units = (Total equivalent units) - (Beginning WIP equivalent units). Given the data, the calculation is 3800 - 2500 = 1300 units.

The Capital Gearing Ratio measures the proportion of a company's capital that is funded by fixed-interest securities (long-term debt) compared to equity shareholder funds.

A call option is an agreement that gives the option buyer the right to buy the underlying asset at a specified price within a specific time period.

Under various legal frameworks, the definition of a 'firm' is often expanded to include Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) for tax and regulatory purposes.

Financial statements are reports prepared by a company's management to present the financial performance and position at a point of time. A general purpose set of financial statements usually includes a balance sheet, income statement, statement of owner's equity and statement of cash flows. 

Financial accounting is a technique of recording all the business transactions in chronological order. The recorded transactions are further classified and summarized to give a true and fair view of the financial position to all the interested parties which are management, government and investors.

Dividends - Dividends are the sum of money to be paid to the members of the company out of the profits made by the company.

A leveraged buy out (LBO) is financial transaction in which a company purchased another company by using the borrowed money.

Yield ratio = A financial ratio that indicates how much a company earns after   pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price.  yield ratio  is   represented as a percentage.

A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization.
Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.
Not all stakeholders are equal. A company's customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the company's employees.
Stakeholders have interest in business organisation and hence they have some rights against business, protection of which is look after by government.

A stakeholder is either an individual, group or organization who is impacted by the outcome of a project. They have an interest in the success of the project, and can be within or outside the organization that is sponsoring the project. Stakeholders can have a positive or negative influence on the project.

A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization are known as stakeholders. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.
Not all stakeholders are equal. A company's customers are entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the company's employees.

Transactions are first Recorded in Journal, than Journal entries are posted to Ledger and than ledger balances are used in preparing a List called Trial Balance.

Stakeholders are the persons who have monetary and non monetary interest in a business organisation. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. 

Owners and persons advancing loans to the business are the person who contributes capital into business. These persons invest money in some business. Therefore, the owner and persons advancing loans to the business would have monetary stakes.

Everyone in business must keep records. Keeping good records is very important to business. Good records will help owner do the following:

• Monitor the progress of your business
• Prepare your financial statements
• Identify sources of your income
• Keep track of your deductible expenses
• Keep track of your basis in property
• Prepare your tax returns
• Support items reported on your tax returns.

Bank is interested in adequacy of profits only as an assurance of return of principal and interest back in time. Bank is equally concerned
about the form in which the assets
are held by the business. When more
assets are held in cash or near cash
form, the aspect is known as liquidity.

A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization.
Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.

A stakeholder is either an individual, group or organisation who is impacted by the outcome of the project. They have an interest in the success of the project, and can be within or outside the organisation that is sponsoring the project. Bankers, customers, suppliers, government, management, shareholders etc. are all stakeholders of a business organisation. They are all have interest in a business organisation and gets affected by day to day affairs of business.

Issued capital can be taken as the part of the authorized capital, which is actually offered to the public for subscription. The number of issued stock is a sub-group of the total authorized or registered shares. Issued capital is the quantity of stock which the BOD (Board of Directors) or stockholders have decided to assign. Generally, a company does not issue the entire authorized shares at a time so that the issued capital is always less than the authorized capital. 

The objective of accounting is to provide information to users for decision-making. 

A stakeholder is either an individual, group or organization who is impacted by the outcome of a project. They have an interest in the success of the project, and can be within or outside the organization that is sponsoring the project.

A trial balance is a bookkeeping or accounting report that lists the balances in each of an organization's general ledger accounts at the year end (Accounts with zero balances will likely be omitted). 

Trial Balance consists of a list of all the ledger balances on a particular date.

In the accounting cycle, transactions are recorded in journals, then posted to ledgers. The next step is to summarize the ledger balances in a trial balance to ensure the books are balanced before preparing final accounts.

According to the Companies Act, the shareholders of a company have the authority to appoint auditors during the Annual General Meeting.

A deferred share is a share that does not have any rights to the assets of a company undergoing bankruptcy until all common and preferred shareholders are paid. It may also be a share that is issued to company founders that restricts their receipt of dividends until dividends have been distributed to all other classes of shareholder.
In India deferred shares were issued prior to 1956.The Companies Act, 1956 prohibited public limited companies to have these shares and hence these securities cannot be issued by a public limited company in India.

A bear operator is an investor who anticipates a market decline. They sell securities they do not own (short selling) or sell existing holdings, hoping to buy them back later at a lower price to profit from the difference.

If the preference shares are redeemed out of accumulated profit, it will be necessary to transfer an amount equal to the amount repaid on the redemption to Capital Redemption Reserve Account. If the company issues any fresh shares for redemption purpose, the transferred amount will be the difference between nominal value of shares redeemed and the nominal value of shares issued (i.e. amount transferred to CRR = Nominal value of shares redeemed – Nominal value of shares issued). The capital redemption reserve account can be used for issuing fully paid bonus shares.

Arbitrage is a process of taking out the profits by movement of securities from one stock exchange to another due to price disparity.

Under section $143(3)$ of the Companies Act, $2013$, the duties of the auditor which relate to his report are that the auditor shall report to the shareholders on the accounts examined by him.

Leverage ratios, also known as solvency ratios, compare the amount of debt (outsider financing) to equity (owner financing) to assess a company's long term financial risk.

A corporation generally has three parties sharing power and control: directors, officers, and shareholders. Directors are the managers of the corporation, and officers control the day-to-day decisions and work more closely with the employees.

Management information is a representation of various information to the management. This information is used by the internal management for taking various decisions. 

Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) is for promotion of investors’ awareness and protection of the interests of investors.

Using the accounting equation: Ending Assets = Beginning Assets + Net Profit - Drawings. Plugging in the values: 25,000 = Beginning Assets + 12,000 - 7,000. Solving for Beginning Assets gives 25,000 - 5,000 = 20,000.

Creditor's account is prepared to record the transaction of payment made to the supplier against the credit purchases and discount allowed by them. Credit purchases are recorded by debiting the purchases account and crediting the creditors account. Creditors account can be presented as:

Credit Sales can be ascertained by preparing Sundry Debtors Account which is given as below:

To calculate profit, the closing capital is adjusted by adding drawings and subtracting additional capital introduced during the year to arrive at the capital that would have existed without those transactions.

False.

Fixed cost and variables cost are just opposite to each other. Variable cost is fixed per unit and increases with the level of production in value while the fixed cost remains constant in value irrespective of the volume of production but decreases per unit with the increase in volume.

The net profit or loss for a particular period of time is reported on the Income statement or profit and loss account.