Employment - trends and structure - class-VII

In labor economics and industrial relations, wages are defined as the total remuneration paid to an employee for their services, including basic pay, allowances, and other benefits.

Industrial democracy refers to the arrangement where employees are given a voice and participate in the decision-making processes of the organization.

The pastoral stage of human development is characterized by the domestication of animals, which allowed for a more settled life and the beginning of specialized roles, leading to the division of labor.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was renamed the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in honor of Mahatma Gandhi.

A multinational corporation (MNC) is a business entity that has facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country.

A labor market is the arena in which workers compete for jobs and employers compete for workers, serving as the source for recruitment.

India's New Economic Policy of 1991 was a neoliberal Structural Adjustment Program that allowed India to qualify for aid from the World Bank and IMF. In 1990, India faced an economic crisis and was "on the brink of default" on its debts.

The new economic policy included the policies of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.

Incentive wages are payments linked to performance or output, designed to encourage employees to work more efficiently and increase productivity.

In many traditional contexts, the joint family system is argued to contribute to disguised unemployment, as more family members work on the same land than are actually needed.

While population growth is a significant factor, rural unemployment is also caused by factors like lack of industrialization, seasonal nature of agriculture, and lack of infrastructure.

Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are unemployed at certain times of the year, which is typically more prevalent in rural agricultural areas rather than urban areas due to crop growing cycles.

Gratuity is a lump sum payment made by an employer to an employee in recognition of their long-term service, often viewed as a reward or gift for loyalty.

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana was implemented on April $1$, $2008$ by the Ministry of Labour, Govt of India. Under the scheme, all workers in unorganised sector in the BPL group and their families will be provided an insurance cover of Rs. $30,000$ per annum per family. The scheme has the provision of smart card to enable beneficiaries for cashless transaction of health care.

Frictional employment/unemployment occurs when people are changing their jobs. When individuals are seeking better job opportunities, shifting from one job to another this happens. When there are sudden boosts or downfalls in the economy this could occur. 

As per experts, slow pace of labour reforms is the main reason behind this incidence. Economic Survey 2015-16 terms it 'regulatory cholesterol'. 

The Act is now applicable to all districts (B is correct). It is not named after Indira Gandhi (A is false), and the minimum wage varies by state and is not fixed at 250 across the country (C is false).

GATT's main objective was to reduce barriers to international trade through the reduction of tariffs, quotas and subsidies.
 It has since been superseded by the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

The Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act was enacted in India in 1952.

DPAP is not an employment-generating programme of the Government of India. The full form of DPAP is Drought Prone Areas Programme. It is launched by the Central Government in 1973-74. It is launched to support handle special problems of the drought prone areas.

Fringe benefits are additional benefits provided to employees beyond their salary, which can include housing, health insurance, transport, and other financial facilities.

Employment Guarantee Scheme was first introduced in Maharasthra in
$1972-73$. The scheme was the first of its kind to give recognition to
the 'right to work' enshrined in the constitution. It emboided a
commitment by the state to provide work to a person who comes forward to
offer labour.

Dependency on agriculture is increasing day by day because of lack of alternative employment opportunities and burgeoning population resulting in disguised unemployment. In fact overcrowding and consequent pressure of population on land have led to the sub-division and fragmentation of holdings decline in area of land per capita and disguised employment in agriculture.

Performance appraisal is the systematic process of evaluating an employee's job performance and contribution to the organization to determine their value.

Job redesign involves restructuring tasks to increase motivation and efficiency. Providing task closure is a core component of job enrichment, which is a common form of job redesign.

The critical incident method involves documenting specific examples of employee behavior that lead to either success or failure in their roles. This data is used to evaluate performance.

The Code of Discipline in Industry was adopted by the Indian Labour Conference in 1958 to promote industrial harmony and prevent strikes.

Job factors encompass various elements of employment, including compensation and disciplinary measures. Since wages and salary are both forms of compensation, 'All of these' is the correct choice.

Collective bargaining is the formal process where employers and employee representatives negotiate terms of employment, such as wages and working conditions.

Entrepreneurial ability is the factor of production that coordinates the other factors (land, labour, and capital) to produce goods and services.

Exploitation occurs when a worker is paid less than the value of the output they contribute to the firm, which is represented by the Marginal Revenue Product.

The total supply of labour in an economy is primarily determined by the size of the population, as this represents the potential workforce.

Organizations have a responsibility to provide fair wages, training, grievance systems, and safe working conditions. Welfare of family members is generally considered a social or state responsibility rather than a direct organizational duty in this context.

The supply of labour is determined by population size, age structure, and work preferences. Marginal productivity of labour is a factor that determines the demand for labour, not the supply.

A situation in which available work tasks are split among resources
(typically labour) such that they seem fully employed but in reality
much of their time is spent in unproductive activities is called
disguised unemployment. Here the marginal productivity of labour comes
to zero. When aggregate demand for goods and services in the economy
falls far below its capacity, a large chunk of labour force gets
employed. This is known as cyclical unemployment. While structural
unemployment means the change in the demand pattern for goods
necessitates change in the demand pattern for labour. But labour force
cannot immediately metamorphose, matching the change in demand pattern.
Due to these conditions a state of unemployment occurs that is known as
structural unemployment.

Gratuity payments can be made through various legal financial instruments, including cash, cheques, or demand drafts, depending on company policy and local regulations.

In urban areas, 42% of the workforce is self-employed as compared to 56% in rural areas. In rural areas, since majority of those depending on farming own plots of land and cultivate independently, the share of self-employed is greater. The nature of work in urban areas is different. Obviously everyone cannot run factories, shops and offices of various types. Moreover enterprises in urban areas require workers on a regular basis.

In Indian labour statistics, a standard person year is calculated based on 273 days of employment per year for a person working 8 hours a day.

The working-age population is typically defined as the cohort between 15 and 59 years old, excluding children and the elderly.

Exploitation often involves paying workers less than the legally mandated minimum wage, which is a common issue for vulnerable or illiterate workers.

The level of input has direct relationship with the level of employment. This states that input and output has a positive technical or functional relationship. When the level of input or raw materials increases, the level of output also rises.

Higher levels of output generally require more labour input, assuming technology and capital remain constant, thus increasing employment.

SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) is the principal financial institution specifically established to promote and finance the MSME sector.

India faces various types of employment challenges, including structural, disguised (common in agriculture), and other forms, making 'All of these' the correct choice.

Real wage is defined as the money wage adjusted for inflation, which is calculated by dividing the money wage by the price level.

The Self-Employed Women's Association of India(SEWA) is a trade union for poor, self-employed women workers in India. SEWA was founded in $1972$ by the noted Gandhian and civil rights leader Dr Ela Bhatt. SEWA's main office was located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat and it works in several states of India. SEWA members are women who earn a living through their own labour or small business. SEWA is strongly supported by the World Bank which holds it out as a model to be replicated elsewhere.

The dependency rate is the ratio of people in the non-working age groups (children and elderly) to those in the working-age group.

Job specification is a document that outlines the qualifications, skills, and personal characteristics required for an individual to perform a job successfully.