Population and migration - class-IX

Indian population policy $2000$ includes
$(1)$ free education
$(2)$ free from diseases
$(3)$ reducing infant mortality rate below $30$.

Birth rate is the number of live births per
thousand persons in a year. The vast majority of the countries in the world with the highest fertility rates are in Africa, with Niger topping the list at 7.153 children per woman. 

The population density is the ratio between the land area and the people living
over it. It is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted ‘population per
square kilometer’. According to census 2011, India's population density is 382 per square
kilometer.

In his 1798 work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Malthus examined the relationship between population growth and resources. From this, he developed the Malthusian theory of population growth in which he wrote that population growth occurs exponentially in geometric progression, so it increases according to birth rate.

• The population growth or population change refers to the change in number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time. This change may be positive as well as negative. It can be expressed either in terms of absolute numbers or in terms of percentage.
• Population change in an area is an important indicator of economic development, social upliftment and historical and cultural background of the region.

• The population of the Middle-East region is increasing at 2 percent per year, the second highest rate in the world after sub-Saharan Africa. 

The total geographical area Punjab is 50,362 to square kilometer which is 1.5%
of total geographical area of India but it Shelters 2.3 percent of total population.
From the population point of view Punjab is at number 15th. According to 2011
Census, the total population of Punjab is 2,77,04,236. 

According to the 2011 census, there were 46 Indian cities having population more than 1 million. Mumbai, Delhi & Kolkata had a population of more than 10 million. Following were the population of cities according to 2011 census:

According to 2011 census 68.84 % population in India lives in rural areas. Uttar Pradesh has the largest proportion of rural population in India.It has 155 million rural population. It is the 18.6 % of total rural population of India.

Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit
area.States and Union Territories in which the density of population ranges between
100 and 400 persons per square kilometre are called areas of moderate density
of population. They are Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Goa,
Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tripura,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya.

Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit
area. India is one of the most densely populated
countries of the world. Arunachal Pradesh with the population density of 17 person per square kilometer is the least populated Indian State.

According to 2011 census, Sikkim had a population of approximate 6 Lakh people. Out of total population of Sikkim, 25.15%
people live in urban regions, which lowest among Indian states.

According to 2011 census, Sikkim had a population of approximate 6 Lakh people. It is the least populated Indian state.

As per the 2011 Census of India, percentage of SCs population is 16.2 percent.

According to the Census data, out of the country's total population of 1,210.19 million in 2011, 377.11 million or 31.16 per cent is living in urban areas.

Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit
area. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per square km.
Bihar has the highest population density of 1,102 persons per square km.

Density of population, is expressed as number
of persons per unit area. It helps in getting a
better understanding of the spatial distribution
of population in relation to land. The density of
population in India (2011) is 382 persons per
sq km

The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per square km.
Densities vary from 1,102 persons per square km in Bihar to only 17 persons per square
km in Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest population density in India.

Each unit of land has limited capacity to support people living on it. The ratio between the numbers of
people to the size of the land is known as the density of population, usually measured in persons per sq km.

The percentage of population that is
economically active is an important index of
development. The distribution of the
population according to different types of
occupation is referred to as the occupational
structure. An enormous variety of occupations
are found in any country. Occupations are
generally classified as primary, secondary, and
tertiary.

The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per square km.
Densities vary from 1,102 persons per square km in Bihar to only 17 persons per square
km in Arunachal Pradesh.

Macau is the most densely populated region in the world. It has 48,003 people per square mile (18,534 people per square kilometer). Macau is not a sovereign country but is instead a Special Administrative Region of the Republic of China.

Almost half of India’s population lives in
just five states. These are Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra
Pradesh.

As per Census 2011, total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in the country is 10.45 crores. Madhya Pradesh has the maximum ST population -15,316,784.

Each unit of land has limited capacity to support people living on it. The ratio between the numbers of
people to the size of land is known as the density of population, usually measured in persons per sq km.

India has a highly
uneven pattern of population distribution. Uttar Pradesh has the highest
population followed by Maharashtra, Bihar and
West Bengal.

More than two-third of the ST population is concentrated only in the seven States of the country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. There is no ST population in 3 States (Delhi NCR, Punjab and Haryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry and Chandigarh), as no Scheduled Tribe is notified.

The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per square km.
Densities vary from 1,102 persons per square km in Bihar to only 17 persons per square
km in Arunachal Pradesh. Bihar has the maximum population density in India.

Each unit of land has limited capacity to support people living on it. The ratio between the numbers of
people to the size of land is known as the density of population, usually measured in persons per sq km.

The maximum concentration of scheduled caste population is in the Indo_Gangetic Plains.

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females
per 1000 males in the population. This
information is an important social indicator
to measure the extent of equality between
males and females in a society at a given time.
The sex ratio in the country has always
remained unfavourable to females. Kerala has a sex ratio of 1058
females per 1000 males.

As per Census 2011, total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in the country is 10.45 crores. Madhya Pradesh has the maximum ST population -15,316,784. Madhya Pradesh ranks first in tribal population in India.

Each unit of land has limited capacity to support people living on it. The ratio between the numbers of
people to the size of land is known as the density of population, usually measured in persons per sq km.

Topography of place also affects the distribution of population. People always prefer to live on plains
rather than mountains and plateaus because these
areas are suitable for farming, manufacturing and
service activities. The Ganga plains are the most densely
populated areas of the world while mountains like
Andes, Alps and Himalayas are sparsely populated.

Mappila, also known as as Moplah. They follow Muslim religion. They are found in Kerala.

The main tribes living on Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the Great Andamanese, Onges, Jarawas, Sentinelene, Nicobarese and Shompens. They belongs to the Negroids human race.

Tribal peoples constitute 8.6 percent of India’s total population, about 104 million people according to the 2011 census. Oraon, Munda, Santhal, Gonds and Asurs tribal groups are mainly found in Jharkhand.

The Abors are tribal people in state of Arunachal Pradesh. They are mainly found in the temperate and sub-tropical regions.

Zoroastrianism
was a major religion in Iran. Later, some
Zoroastrians migrated from Iran and settled down
in the coastal towns of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
They were the ancestors of today's Parsis.

To predict the future population of an area, demographic transition theory can be
used.
This theory explains 3 staged model of demographic transition : 

The population density is the ratio between the land area and the people living
over it. It is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted ‘population per
square kilometer’. The records of population census 2011 of India state that the
density in 2011 has increased from a figure of 324 in 2001 to that of 382 per square
kilometer in 2011.

The records of population census 2011 of India state that the
density in 2011 has increased from a figure of 325 in 2001 to that of 382 per square
kilometer in 2011. The density of
population in Bihar (1106), West Bengal (1028), Kerala (860) and Uttar Pradesh
(829) are densely populated States.

• According to 2011 Census India is second most populated country of the world after China. India has the population of 1,21,05,69,573 persons.
• India is the second stage of demographic transition.
• More people in a country always does not mean more economic trouble for the country.

According to 2011 Census, population of Mumbai was 1.84 Crore. It is India's highest populated city.

Demographic transition theory can be used to
describe and predict the future population of
any area. The theory tells us that population of
any region changes from high births and high
deaths to low births and low deaths as society
progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to
urban industrial and literate society. These
changes occur in stages which are collectively
known as the demographic cycle. India is passing through second stage of demographic transition.

India is the seventh largest country of the world and world’s most populated nation
after China. 

India is the seventh largest country of the world and world’s most populated nation
after China. The total 17.5% population of world is living in just 2.4% area of the
world (Census of 2011). 

The United Kingdom, also called the U.K., consists of a group of islands off the northwest coast of Europe. It is a unique country made up of four nations: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England, Wales, and Scotland also make up Great Britain.

The maximum percentage of the tribal population in India consists of Santhals.

The Lepcha people are believed to be the aboriginal inhabitants of
Sikkim. The Lepcha language is spoken in Sikkim, Darjeeling district
in West Bengal in India, in Ilām district in Nepal, and in a few villages
of Samtsi district in south-western Bhutan.

After Gonds tribes of India has a supercontinent of ancient geological history of the world been named. The Gond people are Adivasi (indigenous people) of India that speak Dravidian languages and are listed as a Scheduled Tribe for the purpose of India's system of positive discrimination. The name "Gondwana" was proposed in 1872 by Medlicott from the ancient kingdom of the Gonds, one of the principal aboriginal tribes believed to have inhabited a large part of central India.

Birhor people are a tribal forest people, traditionally nomadic, living primarily in the Indian state of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. They speak the Birhor language, which belongs to the Munda group of languages.

Growth of population refers to the change in
the number of inhabitants of a country/territory
during a specific period of time, say during the
last ten years. Such a change can be expressed
in two ways: in terms of absolute numbers and
in terms of percentage change per year. In general it is observed that the rate of population growth has been low in the densely populated areas compared to sparsely populated areas.

As
per 2011 census, the Thuthukudi district of Tamil Nadu had a population of
1,750,176. Sex Ratio in district is 1023 females for every 1000 males. This district
has the highest sex ratio. This ratio is more than average national sex ratio. The
average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011
Directorate.

The study of population is known as demography.

Chennai possesses the largest share of 6.4% of the total population of Tamil Nadu. This is followed by Coimbatore, Vellore and Salem districts. Perambur has the least population of 0.078%.

Chennai possesses the largest share of 6.4% of the total population of Tamil Nadu. This is followed by Coimbatore, Vellore and Salem districts. Perambur has the least population of 0.078%.