Red data book - class-VIII

Endangered species is a species facing a high risk of extinction in the near future due to a decrease in its habitat, excessive predation or poaching. 
The population of vulnerable species is presently sufficient but can become endangered in near future due to loss of habitat.
Critically endangered taxon is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild and can become extinct any moment in the immediate future. 
Lion (Panthera leo persica) is at a higher risk of extinction due to loss of habitat.

Until the 20th century, the asiatic cheetah was quite common and roamed all the way from Arabia to Iran, Afghanistan and India. 

Extinct: A species those having no living members.
Endangered: A species those are facing high risk of extinction in the wild in near future.
Critically endangered:  A taxon is critically endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future.
Vulnerable: A taxon is vulnerable when it is not critically endangered or endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the medium-term future.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian ocean. It became extinct in 14th century from Mauritius because of large-scale hunting. Dodo was helpful in pollinating and propagating seed of this tree species. Subfossil remains show the dodo was about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) tall and may have weighed 10.6–21.1 kg (23–47 lb) in the wild. 

Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. Cryopreservation is the only option here where the species are preserved at very low temperature to preserve structurally intact living cells and tissues.

Endangered species is a species facing a high risk of extinction in the near future due to a decrease in its habitat, excessive predation or poaching e.g., Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda), Bentinckia nicobarica. 

The IUCN 'Red List' (2004) documents the extinction of 784 species (including 338 vertebrates, 359 invertebrates and 87 plants) in the last 500 years. Some examples of recent extinctions include the dodo (Mauritius), quagga (Africa), thylacine (Australia), stellers sea cow (Russia) and three subspecies (Bali, Javan, Caspian) of tiger.

The dodo is an extinct flightless bird, that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The scientific name is Raphus cucullatus. The Dodo was first described in 1601 from the island of Mauritius. By 1681 it had become extinct as a result of hunting by Dutch colonists. It became extinct becuase of its flesh and the bird was flightless too, which increased its predation and poaching.

Reed buntings are some of the most 'adulterous' birds on record. As a result, over half the chicks in a nest may not have been fathered by the female's mate. Feigning injury to lure potential predators away from their nests, which are built dangerously close to the ground albeit amongst dense vegetation, is one of the ways that parent birds protect their young. Reed buntings are wetland birds and widespread throughout central and northern Europe.

The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), also known as the Iranian cheetah, is a critically endangered cheetah subspecies surviving today only in Iran. It used to occur in India as well, where it is locally extinct. The Asiatic cheetah lives mainly in Iran's vast central desert in fragmented pieces of remaining suitable habitat. Although once common, the cheetah was driven to extinction in other parts of Southwest Asia from Arabia to India including Afghanistan. 

The cheetah is a large feline inhabiting most of Africa and parts of Iran. Cheetah cubs have a high mortality rate due to predation by other carnivores, such as the lion and hyena, and perhaps genetic factors. 

The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) was declared extinct in India in 1952, although reintroduction programs have since begun.

hen there are no more individuals of a species (plant or animal) alive anywhere in the world, the species is said to be extinct. Extinction is also known as the process of dying out. The process is a completely natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a higher and a faster rate than usual. Factors such as large body size, small population, and position at a higher trophic level favor extinction. Cheetah has become extinct from India.

The Asiatic lion is an organism found in Gir forest National Park and in Indian State Gujarat . According to the IUCN Red list, the asiatic lion is amongst the endangered species with a count of 523 individuals in May 2015 census of Asiatic lions.

The IUCN red list categories of the following animals are -

The Flightless bird Dodo is extinct from the planet. The flightless bird was endemic to Mauritius and Madagascar islands in Indian Ocean. The last widely accepted reported sighting of bird dodo was in year 1662. Rest all the specified organisms are existing in world .

Caspian tiger became extinct during the mid Twentieth century due to over-poaching activities and loss of habitat. It was a population in middle-east and central Asia.

So, the correct option is 'A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II'.

A. The jaguar is a large species and they are native to the Americas. Their scientific name is Panthera onca.

Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present. In this process, the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity. Habitat destruction by human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization. Clearing habitats for agriculture is the principal cause of habitat destruction. Other important causes of habitat destruction include mining, logging, trawling and urban sprawl. Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the primary cause of species extinction worldwide.

Archeopteryx is said to be a connecting link between aves and reptiles. It is a flightless bird from the age of dinosaurs. 

The animal called dodo (scientific name (raphus cucullatus) is a bird belonging to island Mauritius. It is a flightless bird, which was probably eaten away by Dutch sailors.

Endangered species are those species which are facing the high risk of extinction. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)  is the regulatory body which lays the guidelines for the extinct species. Javan rhinos are the most threatened of the five rhino species, with 57 individuals surviving in Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia. 

Gene banks are facilities used to store genetic material, such as seeds or tissues, to preserve the biodiversity of endangered plant species.

Dinosaurs and pterodactyls (flying reptiles) got extinct about 65 million years ago by the end of the Cretaceous Period. Mammoths were extinct 10,000 years ago. Dodo's were large flightless bird endemic to the island of Mauritius and east of Madagascar. They became extinct 350 years ago due to poaching for their meat. Thus the correct answer is option B.

The dodo of the genus brisson and family Columbidae is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian ocean. So, the correct answer is 'Mauritius'.

According to various botanical surveys and conservation reports, the number of endangered angiosperm species in India is estimated to be around 15,000.

An endangered species is a species that is at high risk of becoming extinct. Plants have the highest number of endangered species. Mammals have 177 endangered species which represents 3.8% of all the species. Similarly, birds have 188 endangered species which represents 1.9% of all the species. Reptiles, amphibians and fishes have 47, 32 and 158 endangered species representing 0.7%, 0.7% and 0.6% respectively of all the species in each group.

When there are no more individuals of a species (plant or animal) alive anywhere in the world, the species is said to be extinct. Extinction is also known as the process of dying out. The process is a completely natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a higher and a faster rate than usual. Factors such as large body size, small population, and position at a higher trophic level favour extinction. 533 animal species have become extinct since 1600 AD.

When there are no more individuals of a species (plant or animal) alive anywhere in the world, the species is said to be extinct. Extinction is also known as the process of dying out. The process is a completely natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a higher and a faster rate than usual. Factors such as large body size, small population, and position at a higher trophic level favour extinction. 384 plant species have become extinct since 1600 AD.

• Calculating the percentage of existed species that are extinct can be difficult because no one knows exactly how many species there are. 
• Scientists have identified that of all species that have existed on Earth, 99.9 % are now extinct. Many of them perished in five catastrophic events.
• Hence 99% of existed species are extinct.
• So, the correct answer is '99% of existed species are extinct'.
  

When there are no more individuals of a species (plant or animal) alive anywhere in the world, the species is said to be extinct. Extinction is also known as the process of dying out. The process is a completely natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a higher and a faster rate than usual. Factors such as large body size, small population, and position at a higher trophic level favour extinction. Cheetah has become extinct from India.

When there are no more individuals of a species (plant or animal) alive anywhere in the world, the species is said to be extinct. Extinction is also known as the process of dying out. The process is a completely natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a higher and a faster rate than usual. Factors such as large body size, small population, and position at a higher trophic level favour extinction. Mass extinction of species has occurred during Permian, KT Boundary and Pleistocene period.

The dodo is an extinct flightless bird endemic to Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. It belonged to the subfamily Raphinae. In 1662, last sighting of the dodo occurred. There's also a phrase saying "As dead as Dodo".

• Draco is a genus of lizards which are also known as flying lizards, flying dragons or gliding lizards. These lizards are able to glide, their ribs and their connecting membrane may be extended to create wings, the hind limbs are flattened and wing-like and a flap of the neck serves as horizontal stabilizers. The Draco lizard became extinct in the early 21st century.
  
• Hence the animal which has become extinct recently is Draco.
• So, the correct answer is 'Draco'

Saintpaulia ionantha (African violet) is a well-known houseplant and is not considered an endangered species in the wild context compared to the others listed which are specific rare or threatened species.

Endangered species is a plant or animal species defined by IUCN as being in immediate danger of extinction because its members have reached a critical level or its habitals have been drastically reduced. A plant, Bentinckia condapanna/nicobarica (member of family Arecaceae) and the animal, Red panda, both are declared as endangered in India. Tamarind, Banyan etc are not endangered in India.

The endangered species are the that are not critically endangered but facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. These include.

In the absence of their natural predators, exotic species flourish better and pose a threat to indigenous species.

Dodo was a flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius and east of Madagascar. The bird got extinct in the years 1688-1700 due to hunting on a large scale for its meat. Thus the correct answer is option C. 

The passenger pigeon or wild pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) is an extinct species of pigeon that was endemic to North America. Its common name is derived from the French word passager, meaning "passing by", due to the migratory habits of the species. The scientific name also refers to its migratory characteristics. The morphologically similar mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) was long thought to be its closest relative, and the two were at times confused, but genetic analysis has shown that the genus Patagioenas is more closely related to it than the Zenaida doves. The main reasons for the extinction of the passenger pigeon were the massive scale of hunting, the rapid loss of habitat, and the extremely social lifestyle of the bird, which made it highly vulnerable to the former factors. Deforestation was driven by the need to free land for agriculture and expanding towns, but also due to the demand for lumber and fuel. Though there are still large woodland areas in eastern North America, which support a variety of wildlife, it was not enough to support the vast number of passenger pigeons needed to sustain the population.  As the flocks dwindled in size, the passenger pigeon population decreased below the threshold necessary to propagate the species.

In evolutionary biology, extinction is considered the ultimate fate of all species, as environmental changes or competition eventually lead to the disappearance of any given lineage.

Autecology is the study of the ecology of an individual species or organism in relation to its environment, whereas synecology deals with communities.

The similarity between black buck, gharial, rhinoceros and marsh crocodile is that they all are endangered species as they are likely to extinct in near future.

An endemic species is a plant or animal species with a habitat restricted to one area. An endangered species is a species which are less in number and can be extinct in near future. A vulnerable species is a species of animals or plants, which are likely to become endangered unless something changes. A rare species is a group of organisms that are very uncommon, scarce, or infrequently encountered. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an extinct flightless bird that was endemic to the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. About 65 million years ago the greatest mass extinction in earth history occurred, resulting in the loss of the dinosaurs.