China: two different phases - class-IX

Maktabs, or primary schools, became widespread in the Islamic world during the 10th century as part of the educational expansion during the Abbasid era.

Historical records show that women in the medieval Arab world participated in education, often studying at home or in private settings, and some even became scholars.

The University of Cordova was a major center of learning in Al-Andalus, located in modern-day Spain.

Takshashila (Taxila) was an ancient Indian center of learning dating back to the 6th century BCE, long before the medieval period.

The Abbasid Caliphate was centered in Baghdad, which is in West Asia (the Middle East).

The 'Ijazah' was a certificate or license granted to students, including women, authorizing them to teach a particular subject or text.

The 11th and 12th centuries saw the rise of the first universities in Europe, such as Bologna and Paris.

Following statements are true regarding the various phases of industrialization in Britain:-

• Before industrialization there was no large scale industrial production in England.
• The British industry was transformed by two crucial changes: the mechanization of work and the application of the vapor of the new machine
• In British, usage of handmade products was a symbol of aristocracy.

Following statements regarding steam engine are true:-

• Before James Watt, Newcomen invented the primitive form of steam engine which were pumping water from mines all over the country.
• James Watt's discovery of steam engine got patent in 1764.
• The new steam engine enhanced the industrial productivity manifold.

Industrial Revolution did not form the basis of rise of nationalism in Europe till 18th century. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French revolution in 1789. French was a full fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarchy. The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw presses. A  printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French
Revolution in 1789. French was a full Fledged territorial state in 1789
under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political and constitutional
changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the
transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.

Prince Metternich  was a German diplomat and statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian Empire's Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until the liberal revolution of 1848 forced his resignation.

The French colonized Vietnam in the mid 1800s. In 1885, France looked to take over Vietnam and in 1887 they did it. The French started to integrate more Western ideals, education, and religion including, for the first time, introducing Christianity.

Frederick William IV was the king of Prussia from 1840 until 1861. He was the eldest son of Frederich William III. His conservative policies helped spark the Revolution of 1848. In 1857 he was incapacitated by a stroke, and his brother, the future William I, became regent.

The earliest printing technology was developed in China and Japan. Books in China were printed by rubbing paper. Printing in East Asia evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tables in China during the Han dynasty.

The 'Committee of Five' appointed to draft a declaration consisted of: $Thomas$ $Jefferson$ of Virginia, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and John Adams of Massachusetts. The declaration of Independence was signed on 4th July 1776. 

The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of French military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), who conquered much of continental Europe in the early 19th century.

The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Louis XVI of the Bourbon dynasty was married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette on 16 May 1770.

The country where the process of industrial revolution started first of all in Europe was England. The industrial revolution was a period when new sources of energy, such as coal and steam, were used to power new machines designed to reduce human labor and increase production.

In 1792 election the new assembly was elected, which was called the
Convention. In this election first time all men above the age of 21 got
the right to vote in the regard of wealth. On 21 September 1792 monarchy
was abolished and France was declared a republic. Later king Louis XVI
and the queen Marie Antoinette were sentenced to
death. They were executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde.

Marco Polo was a great explorer from Italy. He returned from China in 1295 and brought the knowledge of woodblock printing along with him. Thus, printing began in Italy and traveled to other parts of Europe.

The United States of America is a country in North America. It is made up of 50 States, a federal district and five territories. It has great influence over world finance, trade, culture, military, politics and technology.

The water frame is the name given to a water-powered spinning frame which was an easy way to create cotton thread. The first time the machine was used in 1768. It was able to spin 128 threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before. It was developed by Richard Arkwright, who patented the technology in 1767.

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) was dominated by the four great powers that defeated Napoleon: Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

The Self-Strengthening Movement was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats.

"The
mode of production of material life conditions:, the social, political,
and intellectual life process in general. It is not the consciousness
of men that determines their being, but on the contrary, their social
being that determines their consciousness." The above quote promotes was instigated most strongly by Industrial Revolution.

The types of taxes were paid by both ancient Egyptians and pre-Revolutionary French was taxes in the form of forced labor.

Jane Addams was the first American to be awarded the Nobel Peace Price for her work in the field of public administration, settlement, local public care and world peace. In 1889 Addams and her friend Ellen Gates Starr co-founded settlement house known as the Hull House.

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis focused on the importance of the unconscious mind that governs the human behavior more than we suspect.

By 1900, Russia, Germany, Japan, and the United States had all undergone significant industrialization, whereas Austria-Hungary remained largely agrarian compared to the others.

This is a duplicate of the previous question; Austria-Hungary is the correct answer as it was less industrialized than the other listed nations.

The Battle of Austerlitz was a major victory for Napoleon, not a defeat. The other options listed represent significant factors that contributed to his eventual downfall.

Life expectancy in early industrial cities was notoriously low due to poor sanitation, overcrowding, and disease. Rural life, while difficult, generally offered better health outcomes than the squalor of early industrial urban centers.

The Industrial Revolution is defined by the shift from manual, agrarian production to mechanized factory-based manufacturing. This transition fundamentally altered economic and social structures.

He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873 with the aim of securing social justice for the weaker sections of society. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education of women.

 Over the nineteenth century, ideas changed. By the 1830s, women in England began agitating for democratic rights. They started a suffrage movement. Suffrage movement was a movement wherein women demanded the right to vote.

The taille was a direct land tax on the peasantry and non-nobles in pre-revolutionary France. It was a primary source of revenue for the French monarchy.

People of depressed classes found it difficult to find housing in Bombay during the late nineteenth century. This is because depressed classes were kept out of chawls which is a large building divided into many separate tenements, offering cheap, basic accommodation to labourers

Raja Rammohan Roy is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Renaissance and the pioneer of modern social and religious reform movements in India.

The Sarda Act, also known as the Child Marriage Restraint Act of 1929 (passed in 1930), aimed to curb child marriage by setting minimum ages for marriage for girls and boys.

There was no change in the condition of the Indian women at the time of Industrial Revolution. India came under the East India Company at the time of the start of the Industrial Revolution. There was some technological progress such as the introduction of railway, canals, modern banks and postal system.

Jyotiba' Govindrao Phule was a prominent social reformer and thinker of the nineteenth century India. He revolted against the domination of the Brahmins and struggled for the rights of peasants and other low-caste people. He ardently worked for the removal of untouchability and uplift the depressed classes before Gandhiji came on the scene.

Recent legislation provided safer working conditions and a federally-mandated minimum wage law best explains the condition of the average American worker during the 1920s.

This passage is likely from the Petition of Right. It is a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. It was written  by Parliament as an
objection to an overreach of authority by King Charles I. During his
reign, English citizens saw this overreach of authority as a major
infringement on their civil rights.

• Liberals were the people who opposed uncontrollable power of dynastic rulers. However, they were not democrats. They felt men of property mainly should have the right to vote.
  
• Radicals were the people who wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population.
  
• Conservative people believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.
  
• Socialists believed that property should be controlled by society as a whole.