Infectious Diseases: Tuberculosis, Cholera and Malaria

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Influenza is caused by Haemophilus influenzae.  The infected person coughs and sneezes. These diseases are transmitted through the air droplets while sneezing and coughing. The causative agent survives in the air droplets and through the air, the disease is transmitted to the other person. 

Early symptoms of active TB can include weight loss, fever, night sweats and loss of appetite. Symptoms may be vague, however, and go unnoticed by the affected person. For some, the disease either goes into remission (halts) or becomes chronic and more debilitating with cough, chest pain and bloody sputum (saliva). 

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine which is primarily used against tuberculosis. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated.

Tuberculosis (TB) typically presents with chronic symptoms including a persistent cough, weight loss, and an evening rise in body temperature.

BCG vaccine stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. It is a vaccine against tuberculosis and for the treatment of some bladder cancers.
So, the correct answer is option A.

BCG, or Bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB). It is made from weakened tuberculosis bacteria that infect cows, similar to the human form of tuberculosis. The vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis in children.

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is commonly used against tuberculosis. It is normally given to children as it has been shown to provide very good protection against the disseminated forms of TB in children, including TB meningitis. The other diseases do not have any vaccines yet.

Although your body may harbour the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, your immune system usually can prevent you from becoming sick. Several signs and symptoms of active TB include: coughing that lasts three or more weeks, coughing up blood, chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing, unintentional weight loss, fatigue, fever, loss of appetite etc. 

Tuberculosis is a primarily an airborne disease. The causative agent for the disease is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria are spread from person to person in tiny microscopic droplets through the air. 

Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of your body, including your kidneys, spine or brain. When TB occurs outside your lungs, signs and symptoms vary according to the organs involved. For example- tuberculosis of the spine may give you back pain and tuberculosis in your kidneys might cause blood in your urine. 

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The symptoms are a loss of the body weight, fatigue, there is a cough for more than two weeks with mucus and blood, the color of the sputum is yellowish or green. The X-ray shows spots in the lungs due to the infection.

Symptoms of active Tuberculosis can depend on what part of the body has been infected. The symptoms include cough lasting 3 weeks or more, pain in the chest area, a cough that brings blood or mucus, chills, fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Tuberculosis can also affect a person's brain, bones, kidneys, or spine.

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculae. The symptoms include loss of body weight, cough with mucus and blood and the color of the sputum turns to yellowish or green. The disease is transmitted through the air droplets while sneezing and coughing. 

The incubation period for TB can vary, but clinical symptoms of active infection often begin to manifest within 6 to 8 weeks following the initial exposure and infection.

BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BCG vaccine is given for protection against tuberculosis as a preventive measure. Since tuberculosis is an airborne disease, the person who is infected by tuberculosis should be kept in isolation so that he does not spread bacteria by coughing or sneezing. Also, to protect oneself from getting tuberculosis, one should wear a facemask so that tuberculosis bacteria is not inhaled and does not cause infection. 

Anti-TB drugs, particularly isoniazid and rifampicin, are known to be hepatotoxic, meaning they can cause liver damage as a common side effect.

• Tuberculosis is an infectious disease
  usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.
  Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other
  parts of the body. The symptoms of active TB is a chronic cough with
  blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

• • Tuberculosis responsible for causing maximum deaths in children. If not diagnosed and treated at early stages.

• So, the correct answer is 'Tuberculosis'.

BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. The BCG vaccine is made from a weakened form of a bacterium closely related to human TB. The vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis in children.

The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or the TB blood test can be used to test for M. tuberculosis infection. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is performed by injecting a small amount of fluid called tuberculin into the skin in the lower part of the arm. The test is read within 48 to 72 hours by a trained health care worker, who looks for a reaction (induration) on the arm. A posterior-anterior chest radiograph is used to detect chest abnormalities in TB. Lesions may appear anywhere in the lungs and may differ in size, shape, density, and cavitation. The presence of acid-fast-bacilli (AFB) on a sputum smear or other specimen often indicates TB disease.  A positive culture for M. tuberculosis confirms the diagnosis of TB disease. 

BCG vaccine provides immunity or protection against tuberculosis (TB). The vaccine may be given to persons at high risk of developing TB. When used to protect against TB, it is injected into the skin. 

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease cased by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Though TB typically attacks the lungs, it can also target the kidney, spine and brain. Once the bacteria is spread, Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows in the throat and lungs after two to eight weeks after infection. It then can either be fought off entirely by the immune system, remain in the body in a latent state, or develop into active TB. If it is active TB, it can then become skeletal TB, genital tract TB, urinary tract TB, CNS TB, gastrointestinal TB, adrenal TB or cardiac TB. The tissue damage results from the lymphoid cells releasing toxic substances rather than from bacterial toxins. The bacteria actually cause macrophages to form granulomas. These granulomas can liquefy and cause bacteria to spill into the lungs to cause large  cavities to form active TB. The bacteria breed in the cavities. Thus, the tissue destruction results from cell-mediated hypersensitivity.

Latent TB is the condition in which you have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in your body in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called as an inactive TB or TB infection, isn't contagious. It can turn into active TB, so treatment is important for the person with latent TB and to help control the spread of TB in general. 

Tuberculosis is treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol or streptomycin. Rifampicin is a broad spectrum antibiotic and hence can prevent other bacterial infections also. Rifampicin serves as the potent inhibitor of bacterial RNA synthesis. 

Latent TB is the condition in which you have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in your body in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called as an inactive TB or TB infection, is not contagious. It can turn into active TB, so treatment is important for the person with latent TB and to help control the spread of TB in general.

Symptoms of active TB can depend on what part of the body has been infected. If active TB occurs in the lungs, the symptoms can include a cough lasting 3 weeks or more, pain in the chest area, breathing difficulty, weight loss, cough that brings blood or mucus, chills, fever, and fatigue. TB can also affect a person's brain, bones, kidneys, or spine.

Chemoprophylaxis is the method of administrating medicines for preventing disease. It is also called as Chemoprevention. Tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis is used to prevent the infection or it is also used to avoid development of disease in a person who is having latent TB. Isoniazid drug is most commonly given as a preventive measure. 

Extrapulmonary TB refers to TB that occurs in areas outside the lungs, such as the lymph nodes, bones, or abdomen, therefore it does not primarily affect the lungs.

Symptoms of active TB can depend on what part of the body has been infected. If active TB occurs in the lungs, the symptoms can include a cough lasting 3 weeks or more, pain in the chest area, breathing difficulty, weight loss, cough that brings blood or mucus, chills, fever, and fatigue. TB can also affect a person's brain, bones, kidneys, or spine.

The most common type of TB in children is pulmonary TB. In about 70 -80% of the children affected by TB, it is pulmonary TB. The rest 20% is non-pulmonary TB. The source of infection for children getting pulmonary TB is inhalation of TB bacteria which generally settles in lungs.

BCG stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BCG vaccine is given for protection against tuberculosis as a preventive measure. Isoniazid is an antibiotic used as a first-line agent for the prevention and treatment of both latent and active tuberculosis. Ethambutol is used to treat active TB infection along with other tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. 

Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It can cause severe diarrhea, which comes on suddenly and may quickly cause dangerous fluid loss - as much as a quart (about 1 liter) an hour.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Most people exposed to the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) do not become ill and never know they've been infected. Yet, because they shed cholera bacteria in their stool for seven to 14 days, they can still infect others through contaminated water. Most symptomatic cases of cholera cause mild or moderate diarrhea that's often hard to distinguish from diarrhea caused by other problems. Symptoms of cholera infection may include diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, dehydration. 

Sir Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of mosquito and led to the realization, that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. He received the Nobel Prize in 1902 for his work on malaria. 
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Ronald Ross is known for his work on malaria. He worked and discovered malarial parasite in Secunderabad near Begumpet airport and that site is declared as 'Sir Ronald Ross Road'.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Cholera is the infection of the small intestine and is caused by the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. The hallmark of the disease is profuse secretory diarrhoea. So, the patients with cholera are administered by saline drip or NaCl as the sodium ions or Na ions helps in retaining the water.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

Patients suffering from cholera are given a saline drip because Na+ ions help in the retention of water in the body tissues. Severe diarrhea, vomiting, watery stools are the chief symptoms of cholera. All these lead to dehydration. Actually, cholera toxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae causes, through a series of metabolic reactions, the continuous activation of adenylate cyclase of intestinal epithelial cells. The resultant high concentration of c-AMP triggers continuous secretion of chlorine, bicarbonate, and water into the lumen of the intestine. Administration of saline not only supports the sodium-potassium pump through which water in the cell is restored, but glucose is also imported along with sodium. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by eating and drinking contaminated food and water with the Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by diarrhea and dehydration. This infection can ve prevented by the use of boiled water, cook food well and keep it covered and maintaining personal and public hygiene. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. A person gets cholera by drinking water or eating food infected with the bacterium. Once swallowed, it settles in the lining of the small bowel and releases a toxin (poison) that can cause the body to flush liquid into the small bowel, resulting in watery diarrhoea. The main symptom is watery diarrhoea, which can be severe enough to rapidly drain the body of vital water, salts and minerals. The first watery stool appears 1 to 3 days after infection, and from then on the body can lose up to one litre of liquid an hour. 

Sir Ronald Ross discovered the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of mosquito and led to the realization, that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. He received the Nobel Prize in 1902 for his work on malaria. 

The primary treatment is oral rehydration therapy - the replacement of fluids with slightly sweet and salty solutions rice-based solutions are preferred. Zinc supplementation is useful in children. In severe cases, intravenous fluids, such as Ringer's lactate, may be required, and antibiotics may be beneficial.

Vibrio cholerae is the bacterium which is responsible for the disease cholera. This is a disease which is transmitted due to contaminated water with feces containing the bacteria. The symptoms of the disease are frequent muscular cramps due to loss of electrolytes in acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, passage of watery stools, etc.

• Fever has nothing to do with bad air or haunted places. This was first proved by Ronal Ross by his discovery of the malarial parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a mosquito in 1897 which proved that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes.
• Hence Fever has nothing to do with the bad air or haunted places. This was first proved by Ronald Ross.
• So, the correct answer is 'Ronald Ross'.

• Cholera is an infection of the small intestine. The symptom includes large amounts of watery diarrhoea that lasts a few days, vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhoea can be so severe that it leads to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
• Diarrhoea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss.
• Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhoea and abdominal pains.
  
• Hence, rehydration therapy is a must for diarrhoea, cholera and dysentery.

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Symptoms include large amounts of watery diarrhoea that lasts a few days, vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhoea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Patients suffering from cholera are given saline drop such as Ringer's lactate solution which contains sodium.  Excess sodium makes the body hold extra fluids in the cells because of the osmotic gradient. Hence, sodium helps retain water in the body.

Sir Ronald Ross was a British medical doctor who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on the transmission of malaria.  While dissecting the stomach tissue of an Anopheles mosquito fed four days previously on a malaria patient, he found the oocysts (a cyst containing a zygote formed by the malaria parasite) and went on to prove the role of Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria parasites in humans. 

Cholera is caused by cholera toxin released by Vibrio cholerae. The symptoms include severe diarrhoea, vomitting, watery stools. All these result in the dehydration. The cholera toxin activates adenylate cyclase enzyme. This results in the continuous secretion of Cl$^−$, HCO$^{−3}$ and water in the intestine. In saline drip, Na$^+$ ions helps in maintaining the sodium-potassium pump and thus retention of water. Saline drip also provides glucose which will give energy. Hence, patients suffering from cholera are given a saline drip because Na$^+$  ions help in the retention of water in the body tissues.

Explanation: The most prominent symptom of cholera is profuse, watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death.

Explanation: Cholera is spread through intake of contaminated water or food in places that lack adequate sanitation facilities.

Explanation: The stool of a cholera patient resembles rice water and has a typical fishy odor.

Explanation: Oral cholera vaccines provide only short-term immunity, which lasts for around 2 to 3 years.