Health and disease - an introduction - class-VIII

Leprosy or Hansen's disease is characterized by symptom of light colored patches on skin.

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder of pancreas

Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It depends on three parameters physical, mental and social. It is a dynamic condition resulting from a body's constant adjustment and adaptation in response to stresses and changes in the environment for maintaining an inner equilibrium called homeostasis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution. 

 An adaptation is a change in organisms (plants and animals) that help to survive in their particular habitat and reproduce in the changing environment. It is necessary for organisms to survive if its surrounding change. Thus, the correct option is D.

Hay fever is a form of allergy due to the pollen of grasses, trees, and other plants, characterized by inflammation of the membrane lining the nose and sometimes of the conjunctiva.

An acute disease is a disease which mainly occurs for very short duration and it is not severe. It can be easily cured by regular treatment and it is not life threatening. Example- cough and cold.

The diseases which are present from the birth of an organism is known as congenital disorders. These diseases have genetic causes and are transmitted from parents to offsprings. Hence, these disorders are inherited from the parents within the womb or after the birth of the organism. Thus the correct answer is option D.

Communicable diseases spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. The spread often happens via airborne viruses or bacteria, but also through blood or other bodily fluid. The terms infectious and contagious are also used to describe communicable disease. For example- HIV/AIDS. 

The lungs may be infected due to the bacterial agent causing Pneumonia. This is the infection in which there is a production of large amount of mucus and so the person suffers from coughing and breathlessness, due to blockage of the air ways.

Ailments which can last for a long time, as much as a lifetime are called as chronic diseases. These are mainly caused due to severe metabolic disorder. The term chronic is usually applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months.

Medulla oblongata consists of accumulation of nerve cells act as vital centres of many automatic reflexes like vomiting, coughing and sneezing.

Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder due to the presence of an extra copy of a chromosome that leads to the abnormal growth and mental retardation. Down's syndrome generally is due to trisomy 21, i.e., presence of chromosome 21 in three copies. The affected individuals are mentally retarded, short in stature and have a broad, short skull, small mouth.

Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders.

Capgras syndrome is a psychological condition which is also commonly known as 'Capgras delusion' or 'imposter syndrome'. The main characteristic of this syndrome is that a familiar person, usually a relative or friend or even a pet, has been replaced by someone or is either a double. The person might believe that the duplicate looks exactly similar but they are anxious about the imposter's behaviour. 

Thalassemia is a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin, which is essential for oxygen transport in the blood.

Neuroses are the different types of neurotic disorders. These disorders are characterized by stress. The common symptom of this disorder is anxiety. The person suffers from high levels of anxiety, depression, sadness, mood swings, etc. There are no signs of hallucinations, visions, delusions, etc observed in this condition.

Neuroses, psychosis, and mental deficiency are all recognized categories or types of mental health conditions.

ECT is the abbreviation for electroconvulsive therapy. Shock treatment (ECT) is suited in some cases and can bring about dramatic improvement in severe depression. In this, electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.

The level of dopamine in the brain during adolescence is increased. When there is more level of dopamine, there are changes in the mood like irritability, aggressiveness, depression and schizophrenia. Depression is characterised by low motor activities. Schizophrenia is the behaviour when the individual is suffering from hallucinations. These are referred as mental issues or illness which needs to be treated on time. 

Healthy life, healthy food and habits can help in preventing the mental disorders. When there is a weekend break, the person can enjoy and have rest. Exercise helps to keep the body fit and healthy. Loneliness is a type of mental illness in which the person suffers from sadness, depression, low mood quality, etc.

Manic depression, now commonly known as bipolar disorder, is characterized by extreme mood swings between mania and depression.

Mental illness is a condition that affects a person's thinking, feeling and mood. Depression, Schizophrenia are associated with mental illness. The psychological syndrome of mental illness could be due to low self-esteem, alcoholism, drug abuse, lack of confidence, etc.

Psychoses are the group of mental disorders which affect the parts of the brain due to which there is an abnormal regulation of the activities. The bipolar disorder is a type of mental psychoses. There is mood swing which results in two type of moods. There is an extremely high energy level mood and a depressed, sad mood. The conversion and the regulation of moods are lost in this disorder.

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking and there is unconsciousness. It is generally caused by brain damage, which may be due to head injury or metabolic disturbance or since birth. Epilepsy occurs due to abnormal electrical discharge from neuron of the brain.

Psychosis is considered a more severe mental illness than neuroses because it involves a loss of contact with reality, which is not typically present in neuroses.

Adolescence refers to the period of human growth that occurs between childhood and adulthood. It can be classified into three stages early, middle and late. 

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behaviour and failure to recognize what is real. The word schizophrenia translates as 'splitting of mind.' The symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, auditory hallucinations, reduced social engagement and emotional expression and inactivity. It is non-infectious and non-communicable disease. 

Neuroses are often associated with persistent, irrational anxieties or obsessions that do not involve a break from reality.

Epilepsy is the condition in which there is formation of seizures in the brain. The anti-epileptic drugs are used for the treatment of this condition. The most common type of anti-epileptic drug is Acetazolamide. The tablets are preferred for the different form of seizures like focal and clonic. 

Mental illness is a condition that affects a person's thinking, feeling and mood. Depression, Schizophrenia are associated with mental illness. The psychological syndrome is characterized by sadness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, decline in interest.

ECT is the abbreviation for Electroconvulsive Therapy. ECT is a psychiatric treatment which is suited in some cases and can bring about dramatic improvement in severe depression. In this, electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are recurrent episodes of epileptic attack that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking and there is unconsciousness. 

Mental retardation (now referred to as intellectual disability) is a developmental condition that is generally considered permanent, unlike many episodic mental illnesses.

Borderline personality disorder is a serious psychiatric illness. It is a serious emotionally unstable personality disorder. The main feature of this disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and emotions. It is characterized by an unpredictable mood or mood swings, quarrelsome behaviour and conflicts.
So, the correct answer is 'Borderline personality disorder (BPD)'.

Social therapy is required for persons who are mentally ill. The concept of psychiatric rehabilitation is associated with social psychiatry. It uses the social structure to improve the interpersonal functioning of the person.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Haemophilia is an inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to promote blood clot formation. The formation of blood clots is necessary to stop bleeding. This results in people bleeding longer after an injury, and an increased risk of bleeding inside joints or the brain. There are two main types of haemophilia i.e., haemophilia A, which occurs due to insufficient clotting factor VIII, and haemophilia B, which occurs due to insufficient clotting factor IX. They are typically inherited from one's parents through an X chromosome with a nonfunctional gene.

A congenital disease, also known as a birth defect is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental. Sickle cell anaemia is a blood disorder which is typically inherited from person's parents.  It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape RBC. Kala-azar, measles and meningitis are the diseases caused by pathogens.

Haemophilia A is a genetic deficiency in clotting factor VIII which causes increased bleeding and usually affects males. It is the X-linked recessive trait. 

Hemophilia is sex linked recessive disorder. Gene responsible for it present on X chromosome and only expresses in dominant state. Out of four children of john (hemophiliac male) and Jane (normal woman), both the girls Molly and Mary become heterozygous for hemophilia as they got hemophiliac X chromosome from father only, which they pass on to their children resulting sons with hemophilia expressed and daughters are either normal heterozygous for hemophilia. The boys Mark and Mike are normal as they don't get hemophiliac X chromosome from father and when they married with normal individuals, all their children would be normal. Thus, the correct answer is ' Molly and Mary.'

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behaviour and failure to recognize what is real. The word schizophrenia, which translates as 'splitting of mind'. Inhalation or oral intake of certain drugs like cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines results in schizophrenic condition as all these drugs have direct effect on the brain. 

ECT is the abbreviation for Electroconvulsive Therapy. Shock treatment (ECT) is suited in some cases and can bring about dramatic improvement in severe depression. In this, electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.

Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable to long periods of vigorous shaking and there is unconsciousness. Epilepsy occurs due to abnormal electrical discharge from neuron of the brain.