Science and technology - class-IX

Hubble is a telescope launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation. It is the largest astronomical observatory ever built. It is used to especially to look into the details of universe. 

 India's first lunar probe launched under mission to moon is Chandrayan I. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. It was launched from Satish Dawan center Srihari Kota.

 India's first lunar probe launched under mission to moon is Chandrayan I. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. It was launched from Satish Dawan center Srihari Kota.

Among the given options INTELSAT is an example of communication satellite service provider. As of March 2011, Intelsat operates a fleet of 52 communications satellites, which is one of the world's largest fleet of commercial satellites.

Cosmos is an example of weather satellite. It is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting, covering the entire Earth asynchronously, or geostationary present over the same spot on the equator.

Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand-born physicist who lived between 1871-1937. He is considered the father of nuclear physics because of his discoveries on atomic structure.

In the last decade nanotechnology entered the policy arena as a technology that is simultaneously promising and threatening, and with a similar Janus-like face, nanotechnology entered the development agenda.

 India's first lunar probe launched under mission to moon is Chandrayan I. It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. It was launched from Satish Dawan center Srihari Kota.

Earth observation satellites that observe the planet for changes in everything from temperature to ice-sheet coverage is ENVISAT which is an environmental satellite. It is operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), it was the world's largest civilian Earth observation satellite

Konrad Zuse was a German civil engineer who created the Z3 in 1941, which is recognized as the first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer.

LLRI stands for Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument. It is an instrument proposed for the first Indian lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 and is aimed to study the topography of the Moon’s surface and its gravitational field by precisely measuring the altitude from a polar orbit around the Moon.

The term atomic age is coined by William L. Laurence.  It is the period of history following the detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II. 

Rakesh Sharma was a former Indian Air Force pilot. He was the first Indian person to travel in space. On April 2 in 1984, he made his flight aboard to the Soyuz T-11 and became the first Indian to achieve this milestone.

All three, except Charak, are related to the Mathematics:

•     Boddhayana - The Baudhāyana sūtras are a group of Vedic Sanskrit texts which cover dharma, daily ritual, mathematics, etc. They belong to the Taittiriya branch of the Krishna Yajurveda school and are among the earliest texts of the genre, perhaps compiled in the 8th to 6th centuries BCE.

•     Bhaskaracharya - Bhāskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th century.

•     Brahmagupta -  Brahmagupta was an Indian mathematician and a    stronomer. He is the author of two early works on mathematics and astronomy: the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, a theoretical treatise, and the Khaṇḍakhādyaka, a more practical text.
  
  Charak on the other hand was one of the principal contributors to Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in Ancient India.

Sir William Hunter, in his observations on Indian history and culture, noted that Indian medical science was comprehensive and covered the entire scope of the field.

The
northernmost atomic project is the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS).  It is located at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan. It
is India’s largest nuclear power plant. Its four reactors are already in operation and
four more in the pipeline hopes to make the country self-reliant in its energy
requirements. The four operational nuclear power reactors contribute 740 MWe of
power out of the national capacity of 2720 MWe being generated from 14 nuclear
power reactors.

The famous Chola-era bronze statue of Nataraja is housed in the Government Museum in Chennai.

The Nataraja sculpture, representing the cosmic dance of Shiva, is globally recognized as a masterpiece of Indian art and holds international significance.

The Iron Pillar of Delhi is famous for its high resistance to corrosion due to its unique composition and the protective layer formed over centuries of exposure.

Copper metallurgy requires precise knowledge of chemical principles, including alloying, casting techniques, and patination. The Sultanjung Buddha statues demonstrate ancient India's sophisticated understanding of chemical processes in metallurgy, particularly bronze casting and metalworking.

The Iron Pillar in Delhi is widely attributed to Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) of the Gupta dynasty.

In the twentieth century drastic progress took place in science and technology as never before.Man received a powerful energy source in the form of atomic energy.Man made progress in space research just as in atomic energy.

Charaka and Sushruta are the two most prominent figures in ancient Indian medicine, known for the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, respectively.

Nalanda University was a center of advanced learning that included studies in various sciences, including chemistry and metallurgy, evidenced by archaeological findings of furnaces.

The famous 'Dancing Girl' statue from Mohenjo-daro is a well-known example of Bronze Age metallurgy using the lost-wax casting technique.

Aryabhatta was a pioneering mathematician and astronomer who wrote the Aryabhatiya, covering topics like planetary motion and eclipses.

Charak Samhita is a foundational text on Ayurveda, traditionally attributed to the sage Charak. It covers various aspects of health, medicine, and disease management.

Aryabhatta is widely recognized for his significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy in ancient India, including the concept of zero and place-value systems. While the term 'father of mathematics' is often debated globally, in the context of Indian curriculum, Aryabhatta is the standard answer.

Lilawati Ganit is a famous mathematical treatise written by the Indian mathematician Bhaskaracharya in the 12th century. It is named after his daughter.

Ashtang Hriday is a classic Ayurvedic text written by Vagbhata. It synthesizes the teachings of Charak and Shushrut into a more accessible format.

Varahamihira was a renowned 6th-century Indian astronomer and mathematician who authored the Panchasiddhantika, which summarizes five earlier astronomical systems.

Aryabhata,
a mathematician and a astronomer, wrote a book in Sanskrit known as the
Aryabhatiyam. He stated that day and night were caused by the rotation
of earth around its own axis, even though it seems as if the sun is
rising and setting everyday. He developed a scientific explanation for
eclipses as well. He also found a way of calculating the circumference
of a circle, which is nearly as accurate as the formula we use today.

The Sushruta Samhita, written around 6th century BCE, discusses subjects such as General Principles, Pathology, Diagnosis, Anatomy,
Sensorial Prognosis, Therapeutics, Pharmaceutics, and Toxicology. It is divided into 186 chapters and contains descriptions of 1120 illnesses, 700 medicinal plants, 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments.

Sir William Hunter, a British historian and civil servant, made several observations regarding the sophistication of ancient Indian medical sciences in his writings.

Kamasutra is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text on sexuality, eroticism, and emotional fulfillment in life, authored by Vatsayana.

Prof. Rutherford is called the father of Atomic Energy.

The Jantar Mantar is a collection of architectural astronomical instruments built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. The most famous and largest one is located in Jaipur.

The systematic way of acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation is called science. It organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions. Science includes wide range of topics like biological, physical, chemical, universe, space etc. 

Nagarjuna is often compared to Einstein because his philosophical concept of Shunyavada (emptiness) shares conceptual parallels with the relativity of existence, similar to how Einstein's theories changed the perception of space and time.

The first nuclear test was conducted in Pokhran.

It is a remote location in the Thar Desert region and served as the test site for India's first underground nuclear weapon detonation.

Dr Homi Bhabha was appointed as the first Chairman of the Commission. The objectives of the commission were to produce electricity from atomic energy, increase the yield of food grains and make them last longer, setup the technology for achieving this and develop nanotechnalogy.

India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wasnted to nurture a scientific temper and bring about the nation's progress. From this perspective, he set up the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 10th August 1948.

In 1985, a completely Indian made nuclear reactor called Dhruva was started at Trombay near Mumbai. This Dhruva nuclear reactor uses uranium as fuel. At this center, 350 radioactive substances are produced. They are used in industry, agriculture and medicine.

India's first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru wasnted to nurture a scientific temper and bring about the nation's progress. From this perspective, he set up the Indian Atomic Energy Commission on 10th August 1948.

Dr Homi Bhabha was appointed as the first Chairman of the Commission. The objectives of the commission were to produce electricity from atomic energy, increase the yield of food grains and make them last longer.

India successfully performed her first nuclear test at Pokharan in Rajasthan on 18th May 1974 in consonance with the policy of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and for self-sufficiency.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. was set up in 1987 to generate electricity from atomic energy. The objective of the company is to master and develop the technology to generate safe, cheap and environmentally profitable power and make the country self-sufficient.

The first completely indigenously built satellite by ISRO in India, APPLE was launched on 19th June 1981 from the French Guiana. 'APPLE' was beneficial in the field of education.

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme was conceived by and carried out under the leadership of Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Defence Research and Development organisation undertook the task of building the missiles.

India successfully performed her first nuclear test at Pokharan in Rajasthan on 18th May 1974 in consonance with the policy of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and for self-sufficiency.

On 11th May 1998, India carried out its second nuclear test to prove its nuclear preparedness. Three test were done on this day. One of them was the Hydrogen Bomb.

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. was set up in 1987 to generate electricity from atomic energy. The objective of the company is to master and develop the technology to generate safe, cheap and environmentally profitable power and make the country self-sufficient.

A factory manufacturing railway engines, Chittaranjan Locomotive Works was set up at chittaranjan in Bardwan District in West Bengal. Steam engines, Electric engines and engines running on diesel were manufactured here.

The Department of telecommunications under the ministry of Communications started the telex service in 1963 to transmit typed message from one part of the country to another rapidly.

The importance of nuclear energy to meet the long-term energy needs of the country was felt quite early 1954. The primary objective of India's nuclear energy programme is the development and use of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes such as power generation, application in agriculture, medicine and industry. The first atomic power station in Trombay was started in the year 1956.