Indian Citizenship and Citizens

The Citizenship Act, 1955 also lays down three modes by which an Indian citizen may lose his/her citizenship. These are renunciation, termination and deprivation. A renunciation is a voluntary act by which a person, after acquiring the citizenship of another country, gives up his Indian citizenship. This provision is subject to certain conditions.Termination takes place by operation of law when an Indian citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country. He automatically ceases to be an Indian citizen.Deprivation is a compulsory termination of the citizenship of India obtained by Registration or Naturalisation, by the Government of India, on charges of using fraudulent means to acquire citizenship.

Indian citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration and naturalisation.

i) Citizenship by birth: Every person born in India on or after 26th January 1950 shall be a citizen of India by birth. Those who were born before 26th January 1950 and also domiciled in India were granted citizenship. 

ii) Citizenship by descent: Every person born outside India on or after 26th January 1950 shall be a citizen of India by descent if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth. 

iii) Citizenship by registration: If any person who is not an Indian citizen, if he desires to become Indian citizen he can acquire the Indian citizenship as per the Constitution or The Act of  Citizenship through Registration. 

iv) Citizenship by naturalisation: Foreigners can acquire Indian citizenship by naturalisation by submitting an application to the concerned authority i.e. the President of India. Certain conditions have to be fulfilled by them before submitting the application. They should have lived in India for not less than the period of five years. 

India adopted the principle of universal adult franchise when the present Constitution was enacted in 1949 which was implemented on January 26, 1950.

A person can renounce his citizenship if he wish to acquires citizenship of another country. In this event, S/he has to make an application before the registration officer expressing his intentions and declaration to that effect. 

Universal Adult Franchise is the principle that every adult citizen has the right to vote, regardless of caste, religion, or gender, often summarized as 'one person, one vote'.

Citizenship is a status of being a citizen of a particular country. In India, one condition of citizenship is that citizens should owe their allegiance towards the nation and respect the Constitution of India. They are given civil rights as the right to equality, life, freedom, education etc and Political Rights such as the right to vote etc. Article 5 to 8 deal with the Citizenship and right to citizenship of certain persons on certain conditions.

If a Citizen takes political shelter in a foreign country then that process is called Renunciation. Renunciation is a voluntary act by which a person, after acquiring the citizenship of another country, gives up his Indian Citizenship. This provision is subject to certain conditions. Renunciation is covered in Section 8 of the Citizenship Act 1955. If an adult makes a declaration of renunciation of Indian citizenship, s/he loses Indian citizenship. In addition, any minor child of that person also loses Indian citizenship from the date of renunciation.

As explained by A.K. Sew a real citizen is "one who owes allegiance to the state has access to the civil and political rights and is inspired with a spirit of service to the community". As said by Aristotle, "he who has the power to take part in the deliberative and judicial administration of any state is said to be the citizen of that state. 

The President is known as the first citizen of India because he/she represents our country. He is the constitutional head of the nation. All executive decisions are taken on his name.

 Indian Citizenship Act was enacted by the Parliament in 1955 to deal with extended provisions with regard to the requirement of Citizenship. It provides that a person will not be a citizen of India if at the time of his birth either of his father or mother is a diplomat who is not a citizen of India or his father or mother is an alien enemy and birth of the child occurs in any place not being occupied by the enemy

Rights make the person well equipped to live life with dignity and respect and so the rights are jealously guarded by the courts and abundantly provided by the Constitution. But a good citizen is one who realized his duties and social obligation along with the enjoyment of rights which make the social solidarity stronger and enjoyment of each other’s right without interference while contributing towards nation-building.

Article 5-11 under part II of the Indian Constitution deals with the matter of citizenship. This part empowers the parliament to enact a law to provide for the matter of acquisition or loss of citizenship.

The structure of India is federal with several non-federal features. In other federal countries, dual citizenship is provided to the citizens : 

The constitution of India deals with the citizenship from articles 5 to 11 under Part II. The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship in five ways:

Fundamental rights are the basic rights which are given to an individual. Constitution of India under Part III (Article 12 to 35) grants certain inalienable fundamental rights to the citizens. Six fundamental rights namely right to equality, right to freedom, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to constitutional remedies and right against exploitation are granted by Indian constitution. Hence, option A is correct answer. 

Under citizenship act 1955, there are five ways to attain citizenship of India

The federal system of the government provides dual citizenship to the people of the country. In Federal state, a person is not only the citizen of the country but also of the particular state to which he belongs.

Before 1988 the voting age for Indians was 21 years but by the 61 amendment act, 1988 the voting age of elections for Indians was lowered from 21 years to 18 years. Now any Indian who is of 18 years and above can cast their vote.

Article 5-11 of part II of the constitution of India deal with citizenship of India. It empowers the parliament to enact a law to provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship. Accordingly, Parliament has enacted the citizenship act 1955, which has been amended in 1986, 1992, 2003 and 2005.

The citizenship act 1955 describes three ways of losing the citizenship of India.

Provisions of citizenship in Indian constitution became applicable in 1950.

Indian constitution has borrowed provisions from Constitutions of other countries and incorporates them after modifying. Indian constitution declares India a federal state that is two governments but it provides for a single citizenship for India and States both. This provision is borrowed from the Constitution of Britain.

Indian citizenship of a person can be terminated if-

Part 2 of the Indian Constitution deals with citizenship. Indian Constitution provides for single citizenship which means that there is no concept of state citizenship. Also, one cannot have of India and any other country simultaneously. S/he will have to give up citizenship of one country to hold onto other.

The Indian citizen has political freedom and subject to other reasonable restrictions regarding age and qualifications any citizen can contest the elections to the Parliament and State legislature.

Right to vote is a legal and Constitutional right available to the citizens of India to elect their representatives for Lok Sabha(Parliament) and State Legislative Assemblies. Every citizen of India who is of the age of 18 years has the right to vote.

A duty is an obligation of an individual towards other individuals residing in the society. It is regarded as an obligation or duty towards others. The term 'Duty' denotes what one is bound to do. Every individual must abide by certain rules of behaviour in society for his own good and for the good of others. These include some do's and don'ts. Duties are both positive ad negative in nature. Everyone in society must perform these duties in the larger interest of society and state. Everyone must behave in such a way that promotes common good and social welfare. Duties in turn contribute to the public good. They establish peace and order in society. Duties always precede rights.

Citizenship is a status of being a citizen of a particular country. In India, one condition of citizenship is that citizens should owe their allegiance towards the nation and respect the Constitution of India. They are given civil rights as the right to equality, life, freedom, education etc and Political Rights such as the right to vote etc.

According
to Citizenship Act, 1955, foreigners can get Indian citizenship through the
procedure of Citizenship by Naturalisation. They must be residing in India for twelve
years throughout the period of twelve months immediately preceding the date of
application and for eleven years in the aggregate in the fourteen years
preceding the twelve months. They should have an adequate knowledge of a
language specified in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. If Central
Government is satisfied that the applicant is qualified for naturalization
under the provisions of the Third Schedule, then they grant to a certificate of
naturalization.

Like any other modern state, India has citizens and aliens. A citizen is the one who owes his allegiance to his country, has political and fundamental rights. Wheres, an alien is the who does not owe allegiance and has no right to participate in the government process. 

Five ways are prescribed by the citizenship act of 1955 to acquire citizenship of India. These are

Part 2 of the Indian Constitution deals with citizenship. Indian Constitution provides for single citizenship which means that there is no concept of state citizenship. Also, one cannot have of India and any other country simultaneously. S/he will have to give up citizenship of one country to hold onto other.

Citizenship is a status of being a citizen of a particular country. The Nation provides its citizen certain rights and anyone who is a citizen at can avail the rights provided by the Nation. In India, Right to education, health care, privacy, Freedom etc is provided to the citizens of India.

Parliamentary privileges are special rights, immunities, exceptions enjoyed by the members of the two houses of parliament and their committees. These privileges are classified into two categories, viz:

Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the law as being a legal member of a sovereign state or belonging to a nation. It gives him/her some rights and privileges along with duties and obligations towards the nation. It gives him a chance to lead a better life and to establish a convenient administrative setup along with a sense of dignity.

A person can acquire citizenship by the registration under Indian Citizenship Act, 1955 if a person is ordinarily resident of India for seven years before making application for registration.

Option C is the correct answer. The Parliament is the competent body to prescribe conditions for acquisition of citizenship. The Parliament of India can prescribe conditions as for acquiring Indian citizenship. Article 11 of the Constitution shall derogate from the power of Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship.

Indian Citizenship Act was enacted by the Parliament in 1955 to deal with extended provisions with regard to the requirement of Citizenship. It provides that a person will not be a citizen of India if at the time of his birth either of his father or mother is a diplomat who is not a citizen of India or his father or mother is an alien enemy and birth of the child occurs in any place not being occupied by the enemy .

Citizenship is a status of being a citizen of a particular country. In India, one condition of citizenship is that citizens should owe their allegiance towards the nation and respect the Constitution of India. They are given civil rights as the right to equality, life, freedom, education etc and Political Rights such as the right to vote etc. Article 5 to 8 deal with the Citizenship and right to citizenship of certain persons on certain conditions.

Article 5-11 deals with the procedure of citizenship in India

The citizenship act 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship of India. These are

If any foreign territory becomes a part of India, the government of India specifies the persons who among the people of the territory shall be the citizen of India. Such persons become the citizen of India from the notified date.
Example

The authority to determine the question related to the acquisition and termination of the citizenship vests with the Parliament. The courts cannot determine the question of citizenship.

The Constitution of India explicitly confers some fundamental rights to the citizens of India exclusively. The right under article 15 i.e. Right against discrimination, article 16 - the right to equality of opportunity in matters of employment and six freedoms under article 19 are guaranteed only to citizens of India.

The Governor is the titular head of the state government, appointment by the Central government. Just like the President, the Governor’s role is mostly symbolic unless discretion is involved in which the Governor is not supposed to consult the state government. Article 157 lays down only two qualifications for the post of Governor.