Human Skeletal System and Movement - Class XI

The hip girdle is located in the lower part of the trunk. 

The clavicle is a long bone between the shoulder blade and the sternum and is known as the collar bone. They are called so because their presence seems to appear much like a collar. 

Pronation and supination are a pair of unique movements possible only in the forearms and hands, allowing the human body to flip the palm either face up or face down. The muscles, bones, and joints of the human forearm are specifically arranged to permit these unique and important rotations of the hands. So, the correct option is "A" (Upward).

The coxal bone (hip bone) is formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones of which the vertebral column is made up of 33 bones. The pelvic girdle that is a part of the appendicular skeleton. Two hip bones along with sacrum and coccyx form the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity. The humerus and ulna from the elbow joint, the clavicle and glenoid cavity form the bones of the shoulder joint.

A.Acromian process-is found in pectoral girdle of mammals. Pectoral girdle consists of scapula and clavicle. The scapula consists of a sharp ridge, the spine and a triangular body, The end of the spine projects as a flattened and expanded process called acromian.
B.Ribs-

Appendicular skeleton is the part of the skeleton of vertebrates. It consists of bones that support the appendages. Ther are four parts of appendicular skelton:
1) Pectoral girdle - Clavicle and scapula 

Growth hormone and thyroxin are essential for bone development and elongation, particularly at the epiphyseal plates.

The vertebral column in adult man comprises of 26 bones- 

Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones ilium, ischium and pubis. At the point of fusion of the above bones is a cavity, called as acetabulum to which the thigh bone articulates. The two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ventrally to form the pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage.

There are 7 cervical vertebrae. All cervical vertebrae have apertures in their transverse processes, known as Foramina transversalis, which form vertebro-arterial-canals on either side for vertebral artery to pass through to supply brain and spinal cord.

Looking to the bone, it reveals that the surface is not smooth but scarred with bumps, holes and ridges. These are surface markings, where muscles, tendons and ligaments attached, blood and lymph vessels and nerves pass. Some of the important depression and openings are 
(1) Fissure- narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of the bone. Example: Superior orbital fissure.
(2) Foramen- a bigger, round opening. Example: Foramen magnum in the skull. Obturator foramen is a large oval or irregularly triangular aperture in the hip bone (pelvic girdle of mammals), the margins of which are formed by the pubis and the ischium.
(3) Meatus- a relatively narrow tubular canal. Example: External auditory meatus.
(4) Groves and sulcus- are deep furrow on the surface of a bone or other structure. Example: Inter-vertebral and radial grooves of the humerus.
(5) Fossa- shallow depressed area. Example: Mandibular fossa.

The ear ossicles are made up of three bones called as malleus, incus, and stapes. They vibrate to conduct the sound waves from the outer ear to inner ear and then to the brain. There are two forms of the skeleton. The axial skeleton includes all the bones along the body axis (lengthwise). Sternum and ribs are a part of the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes all the bones that form the upper and lower limbs, and the shoulder and pelvic girdles. Clavicle and scapula are the parts of the pectoral girdle.

The glenoid cavity is a part of the shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle. It is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. The sternum, commonly known as the breastbone, is a long, narrow flat bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and stabilizes the thoracic skeleton. The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. The acetabulum is the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits. Thus, option A is correct.

The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle or pelvis, and the lower limbs. Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction.

The external or internal framework which provides support to the body is called skeleton. It is of two types exoskeleton and endoskeleton. The lower group and animals possesses only exoskeleton for protection e.g. Cockroach while higher animals possess both e.g. Fish.

• A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement.
• Ball and socket joint is a type of freely movable joint. For example, shoulder and hip joints.
• Ball and socket are different from the others in the following because ball and socket is a type of joint which is an articulation between two or more bones whereas the clavicle, skull, and femur are individual bones present in the body.
• So, the correct answer is 'Ball and socket'.

The thoracic cage is composed of the 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

The clavicle is the constituent of pectoral griddle or shoulder gridle. It is called as collar bone which serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb suspended. It is an arrangement that keeps the upper limb away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement. So, the correct answer is 'pectoral gridle'.

Os Innominatum is a large irregular bone that forms the bony pelvis. Os-innominatum is also called as hip bone. Each pelvic girdle is made of a pair of hip bones which are identical with each other and each made of pubis, ilium and ischium. So, the correct answer is 'os innominatum'.

• Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones i.e each half of pelvic girdle is made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  
•  At the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis bones there is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh bone (femur) articulates. Hence ilium is the part of pelvic girdle.
• So,the correct answer is 'Pelvic girdle'.

The pelvic girdle is formed by a pair of bone which is the hip bone or coxal bone. The large opening in the anteroinferior hip bone between the ischium and pubis is the obturator foramen through which nerves and blood vessels pass. So, the correct answer is 'Pelvic girdle'.

Each pelvic girdle is composed of two hip bones. Pubic symphasis is a specialized joint where the pubis of one hip bone joins with the pubis of opposite hip bone. So the two halves of pelvic girdle are joined together by pubic symphasis. So, the correct answer is 'Pectoral girdle'. 

• The bones of the limbs(forelimb and hindlimb) along with their girdles (pectoral and pelvic) constitute the appendicular skeleton.
  
• The bones of the hind limb are femur (thigh bone – the longest bone), tibia and fibula, tarsals (ankle bones – 7 in number), metatarsals (5 in number) and phalanges (digits – 14 in number). Hence number of bones in the hind limb of human is 30.
• So, the correct answer is '30'.

The pelvic girdle consists of paired hip bones each is made up of three bones which are ilium, ischium and pubis. These three bones unite in early adulthood at a triangular suture in the acetabulum and form the cup-shaped socket that forms the hip joint with the head of the femur (thigh bone). So, the correct answer is 'Ileum, ischium and pubis'.

• Pelvic girdle consists of two coxal bones. Each coxal bone is formed by the fusion of three bones i.e each half of pelvic girdle is made up of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  
•  At the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis bones there is a cavity called acetabulum to which the thigh bone(femur) articulates. Hence acetabulum is a part of the pelvic girdle.
• So, the correct answer is 'Pelvic girdle'.

The pelvic girdle consists of a single pair of bones, called hip bones. They are connected at the front by cartilage called the pubic symphysis and they are attached to the sacrum at the back. Each hip bone is made up of three bones which are ilium, ischium and pubis. So, the correct answer is 'Pelvic girdle'.

• The term 'pelvis' is common to both kidney and skeleton in mammals. In relation to the kidney, 
• It can be described as a chamber in the kidney into which the urine drains from renal tubules before passing to the ureter. 
• For skeleton, it is related to a pelvic girdle or hip girdle. Hence, Pelvis is Common to kidney and skeleton in mammals.

• A pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle attach the bones of upper limb to the axial skeleton.
  
• Each pectoral girdle is formed of two halves. Each half of pectoral girdle consists of a scapula and clavicle. 
• Glenoid cavity is a shallow, pyriform articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint. Hence clavicle and glenoid cavity → pectoral girdle.
• So, the correct answer is 'Clavicle and glenoid cavity $\rightarrow$ Pelvic girdle'.

Bones in the shoulder consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.

The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans, it consists of the clavicle and scapula. There are three joints in the pectoral girdle: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral. 

The human vertebral column  consists of 33 vertebrae: 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) followed by the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae). The spine, also known as the vertebral column or spinal column, is a column of 26 bones in an adult body — 24 separate vertebrae interspaced with cartilage, and then additionally the sacrum and coccyx.

The vertebral column is connected to the pelvic girdle in the 'sacral region'.

Appendicular skeleton includes 'limbs along with their girdles'.

Clavicle and glenoid cavity are related to pectoral girdle but not pelvic girdle. So, the correct answer is (b).

'Glenoid cavity' is a part of the pectoral girdle. So, the correct answer is (c).

The shoulder blade is made of 'scapula'. So, the correct answer is (d).

The acetabulum is located in 'hip bone'. So, the correct answer is (b).

First rib and clavicle forms a link between axial and appendicular skeleton. So, the correct answer is (d).

Acromion process is characteristically found in the 'pectoral girdle'.

The collar bone is also known as 'clavicle'. So, the correct answer is (b).

The pelvic girdle is composed of two coxal bones, each formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The acetabulum is the cup-like cavity where these three bones meet and the femur articulates, and the pubic symphysis contains fibrous cartilage.

The hip bone or innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone. It consists of three parts, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are fused in the adult. 

The coxal bone of the pelvic girdle is formed by the fusion of three bones - 'ilium, ischium and pubis'.

The cranium consists of 8 bones, the face has 14, the skull (cranium + face) has 22, the hind limb has 30, and the rib cage has 24. Matching these gives A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(v), E-(iv).