International Environmental Treaties and Conventions

Kyoto protocol was formally adopted in December, 1997 in an international conference held in Kyoto Japan. The protocol obtained commitments from different countries for reducing overall green house gas emissions at a level of 5 percent below 1990 level by 2008 to 2012 for different countries.

• Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty signed by 192 parties that agrees to reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by global warming or human-made carbon dioxide emissions.
• The Protocol's first commitment period is from 2008 to 2012. 
  
• The second commitment period was agreed on in 2012 and is known as the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol which extends till 2020.
  
• So, the correct answer is '2013-2020'.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed on September 16, 1987, to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.

Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the year 1997  in Kyoto, Japan. It's objective is to phase out the greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming and climate change.

Montreal Protocol is treaty on the release of substance that deplete the ozone layer. CFC is the main substance that destruct the ozone layer into $O _2$ and nascent oxygen in the presence of UV rays. Thus, the correct answer is 'CFC'.

The Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It resulted in the convention on biodiversity, a multilateral treaty. Three major goals were addressed in this convention which included: conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the genetic resources. It was not related to air pollution.

The Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It resulted in the Convention on Biodiversity, a multilateral treaty. Three major goals were addressed in this convention which included: conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the genetic resources.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 5th June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

The Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro (1992) was a conference of the United Nations. It stressed on the conservation of biological diversity and focussed on the sustainable use of the biological components. It also emphasized on the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources among the member nations. Thus the correct answer is option C.

Recognising the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol, was signed at Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone depleting substances.

Recognising the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the 'Montreal protocol', was signed at Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone depleting substances.

Annex I parties to the UNFCCC include industrialized countries and economies in transition. Australia is an Annex I country, while India, China, and Brazil are classified as Non-Annex I parties.

The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Two primary international agreements were landmark treaties established to phase out ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons: the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and its subsequent Montreal Protocol.

Recognising the deleterious effects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol, was signed at Montreal (Canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone depleting substances. 

Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally, and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, governments, and major groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment occur, with a primary focus on sustainable development.

The Montreal protocol came into force on 16 Sept, 1987, when 27 industrialised countries agree to limit production of chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs to half the level of 1986. CFCs are the major pollutants responsible for ozone destruction and depletion.

Montreal Protocol was passed on 16th September, 1987, by 27 industrialised countries. These countries agreed to limit production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to half the level of 1986.

Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer was signed in 1987 and finalised in 1989 under the aegis of the United Nations. It provided a treatise to phase out the eight recognised ozone-depleting substances from usage and searching for their alternatives. It is binding on the countries who have ratified it, so it has shown some remarkable success. 

Montreal Protocol on the substances that deplete the ozone layer was signed on 16-September-1987 in Montreal and became effective from 26-August-1989. It is the protocol to the Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer. It is an international treaty that sought to phase out the halons by 1994, CFCs, by 1996, methyl bromide by 2005 and HCFCs by 2030.

Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone layer was signed in 1987 and was adopted in 1989 as a protocol to the Vienna convention. Till 2016, it sought to control HCFCs and CFCs. The Kigali amendment of 2016 added HFCs under the ambit of the Montreal Protocol. Initially, the protocol was designed to reduce the production of CFCs and Halons. Later 

The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 under the aegis of United Nations Framework for Climate Change (UNFCC) in 1997 and got effective from 2005. It is the only legally binding protocol to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, CFCs, sulphur hexafluoride etc. Its first commitment period provided for 5% reduction.

• Montreal Protocol is an international treaty signed at Montreal (Canada) in 1987 to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
  
• The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is an environmental agreement signed in 1985 that provided frameworks for international reductions in the production of chlorofluorocarbons that cause ozone depletion.
  
• Rio de Janeiro Conference in 1992 was held for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level.
• The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions leading to global warming.
  
• So the correct answer is 'Montreal protocol'.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone, 1987 was meant to protect the ozone depletion by gradually phasing out the major ozone depleting substances. This protocol was signed to the Vienna Convention and identifies the following as ODS:

The Kyoto Protocol is the only legally binding agreement to reduce the greenhouse gases under the United Nations Framework For Climate Change (UNFCC). It was signed in 1997 and got effective in 2005. The participating countries have agreed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by an average of 5% below 1990 levels during the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol from 2008-2012. The Protocol targets the following greenhouse gases:

In 1992, the Earth Summit was held at Rio-de-Janeiro at which the leaders of 178 nations gathered to support the idea of the sustainable development. There were the following outcomes of the Earth Summit:

Montreal Protocol is an international treaty, signed at Montreal in 1987 to control the emission of ozone-depleting substances.

Recognising the deleterious affects of ozone depletion, an international treaty, known as the Montreal Protocol, was signed at Montreal (canada) in 1987 (effective in 1989) to control the emission of ozone depleting substances.

The primary objective of the Montreal Protocol is to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

While the Vienna Convention provided the framework, the Montreal Protocol was the specific international agreement that established binding control strategies and timelines for reducing the release of ozone-depleting substances.

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change aimed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and climate change. It was adopted in the year 1997.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely used as refrigerants, propellants, and solvents for cleaning electronic equipment before their ozone-depleting properties were discovered and they were phased out.

September 16 is observed as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date in 1987 when the Montreal Protocol was signed.

CFCs are chemically inert in the lower atmosphere (troposphere), allowing them to drift up into the stratosphere, where they are broken down by UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that deplete the ozone layer. Their long atmospheric lifetime is a key reason for their environmental impact.

The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity that provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of the Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) mechanism.

A single molecule of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) can persist in the stratosphere and catalytically destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules through continuous chlorine radical chain reactions.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed on September 16, 1987, by 24 nations to phase out the production of ozone-depleting substances.

ODS- Ozone Depleting Substances are the substances that cause depletion of the ozone layer. Under Montreal Protocol a global agreement was signed in the year 1987 in order to reduce the production of ODS.

Montreal protocol was passed in year 1987. It aims at protecting the ozone layer by ruling out the use of substances that cause ozone depletion.

International Ozone Day is celebrated annually on September 16 to commemorate the date in 1987 on which the Montreal Protocol was signed.

The historic Convention on Biological diversity (The Earth Summit) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, was the first world earth summit on the conservation of environment. All nations are called upon to take appropriate measures for conservation of biodiversity and sustainable utilization of its benefits. Brazil convened to address urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development. 

The Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, is formally known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), and is commonly referred to as the Rio Summit.

The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. 

The 'Montreal Protocol' on substances, that deplete the ozone layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the Earth's ozone layer.

The 1987 Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). The treaty is structured around several groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. All of these ozone depleting substances contain either chlorine or bromine.

The Montreal Protocol aims to reduce the production of ozone-depleting chemicals (like CFCs), which ultimately helps reduce the amount of harmful UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

The Bachat Lamp Yojana is a scheme that promotes energy efficiency by providing compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) to households at a lower cost, which qualifies as a Clean Development Mechanism project under the Kyoto Protocol.

Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that was signed in 1997 and drafted in 2007 and it is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. It seeks to reduce the concentration of Greenhouse Gases namely Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide and Sulphur HexaFluoride, and the Ozone Depleting Substances including HFCs and PFCs, The first commitment period of the protocol has expired in 2012 and the second commitment period was agreed as Doha amendment in 2012 itself.