Poverty - types,causes and measures - class-X

A cultivator with a land holding of 1 hectare or less than 2.5 acres is known as medium farmer. According to the government law, these farmers are not poor.

The majority of elderly people in India face financial hardship because of one or both of the following reasons. Either most of them are no longer earning any income or their savings are inadequate to cover the cost of living, particularly medical care.

Option (a) states that 'democracy has ceased to be a liberating force'. Thus , option (a) fails to convey the meaning implied in the argument and is incorrect.

In India, the norm for calorie intake is 2,400 calories in rural areas and 2,200 in urban areas.

This is because the rural people are engaged in the more physical labour than the people in the urban areas.

Shelter refers to a place of residence. Therefore, the lack of shelter is defined as the inability to secure and maintain a suitable house.

The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure of distribution intended to represent the income inequality or wealth inequality within a nation.

Lack
of shelter or homelessness is a complex social problem in India with a variety of underlying economic
and social factors
such as poverty, lack of
affordable housing, uncertain
physical and mental health, addictions, and community and family breakdown.

Poverty is one of the main causes which prohibit the people of society to live a dignified life and hence it deprives the access of the basic needs like education, health, food, clothing, housing etc. to the person.

This applies universally to all the countries in the world.

In many developing economies, rural agricultural income is often insufficient to meet basic needs, keeping it below the subsistence level.

Early development strategies often prioritized economic growth as the primary mechanism to eventually lift the population out of poverty.

Non-agricultural activities in rural areas often suffer from lack of capital and market access, leading to dismal economic conditions for those involved.

IWDP is a government program in India specifically designed to restore degraded lands, known as the Integrated Wastelands Development Programme.

The Tenth Five-Year Plan of India targeted a poverty ratio reduction to 19.3% by 2007 and 11% by 2012.

Poverty is a multidimensional issue caused by a complex interplay of economic factors, political structures, and social conditions.

According to the Planning Commission data using the Mixed Recall Period, the poverty rate in India for 2009-10 was estimated at 37.2%.

Poverty is fundamentally defined as the inability to meet basic minimum requirements for survival, such as food, clothing, and shelter.

Relative poverty measures the inequality of income distribution, comparing a household's resources to the average income level of the society.

Economic poverty is broadly categorized into absolute poverty, which relates to basic survival, and relative poverty, which relates to societal income distribution.

Ragnar Nurkse is famous for his theory of the vicious circle of poverty, which explains how low income leads to low savings and low investment, trapping economies in poverty.

Income poverty refers specifically to the lack of sufficient income to purchase the basic material necessities required for well-being.

Human poverty is a broader concept than income poverty; it encompasses the denial of basic human rights, health, education, and dignity.

The vicious circle of poverty describes a self-reinforcing cycle where low income leads to low savings, low investment, and low productivity, perpetuating poverty.

In the rural sector, poverty is predominantly found among landless laborers, small farmers, and marginalized social groups.

Urban poverty is often considered an extension or spillover of rural poverty, as people migrate to cities in search of work but end up in informal, low-paying jobs.

Historically, Kerala has maintained the lowest poverty rates in India due to significant investments in social infrastructure like education and healthcare.

The vicious circle of poverty is driven by both supply-side factors (low savings/investment) and demand-side factors (low purchasing power), as well as resource underdevelopment.

In 2004-05, Chhattisgarh recorded one of the highest poverty rates among Indian states based on Planning Commission estimates.

The vicious circle of poverty describes a situation where low income leads to low savings, which results in low investment and low productivity, thereby keeping the nation poor. This self-reinforcing cycle acts as a significant barrier to economic development.

The phrase 'a country is poor because it is poor' is the classic definition of the vicious circle of poverty, emphasizing that poverty itself creates conditions that perpetuate poverty.

The 2014 UN Development Report highlighted that India accounted for approximately one-third of the world's extreme poor population at that time.

The poverty line is calculated based on the caloric requirements of adults (working class) in rural and urban areas. In rural areas it is 2400 calories and in urban areas it is 2100 calories. The
poverty line is estimated periodically
(normally every five years) by conducting
sample surveys. These surveys are
carried out by the National Sample Survey
Organisation (NSSO). However, for
making comparisons between developing
countries, many international
organisations like the World Bank use a
uniform standard for the poverty line:
minimum availability of the equivalent of
$1 per person per day.

Uneven distribution of poverty is due to differences in social and economic infrastructure in different states.

As per the Census report, the percentage of population living Below Poverty Line is 27.5%.

Agriculture and allied fields like dairy, fisheries, animal husbandry are a major source of employment in Punjab and Haryana. So, main living of people here depends on agriculture. With the high growth rate in agriculture, these states have succeeded in reducing poverty.

The
'poorest of the poor' are those who are systematically denied equal
access to their family resources in rural areas. They include women, girl children and elderly people.

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) was set up in 1950, with the idea of having a permanent survey organization to collect data on various facets of the economy. In order to assist in socio-economic planning and policy making, NSSO conducts nationwide sample surveys known as National Sample Survey (NSS). The NSS is a continuing survey in the sense that it is carried out in the form of successive “rounds”, each round usually of a year's duration covering several topics of current interest. The surveys are conducted through household interviews, using a random sample of households covering practically the entire geographical area of the country. 

In 2004-05 there was around 21.8 percent poverty in India.

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducts surveys to determine the minimum amount required by a rural or urban household to meet basic requirements and hence categorizes the population as above poverty line and below poverty line.

Till the mid-eighties the population of India living below the poverty line was declining in relative terms but increasing in absolute terms but now it is declining in absolute term also.

Historical poverty line estimates in India have been revised multiple times. Rs. 265 was a recognized monthly per capita consumption expenditure threshold for urban areas in specific historical poverty committee reports.

The Planning Commission of India historically used the methodology developed by the Task Force on Projections of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand to define the poverty line based on calorie intake.

Historical data for rural poverty lines in India included figures like Rs. 225 as a minimum monthly per capita consumption threshold in specific older studies.

The Planning Commission defined the poverty line based on 2400 calories for rural areas and 2100 calories for urban areas, with corresponding monetary values of Rs. 76 and Rs. 88 at 1979-80 prices.

The Task Force on Projection of Minimum Needs and Effective Consumption Demand established the calorie norms of 2400 for rural areas and 2100 for urban areas as the basis for poverty line calculations.

Absolute poverty refers to the inability to afford basic necessities like food and shelter, which is the primary concern for less developed countries.

Relative poverty measures inequality in income distribution within a society, which is more relevant in developed countries where basic needs are generally met but income gaps persist.

BPL is a standard acronym in Indian policy and economics standing for 'Below Poverty Line'.

Relative poverty is determined by comparing the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among different segments of the population.

Absolute poverty is defined by the inability to meet a minimum standard of living, often quantified by a basket of essential goods.

The poverty line is the threshold level of income or consumption expenditure below which an individual is considered to be living in poverty.

Data from the NSSO between 2004-05 and 2009-10 showed a decline in the percentage of the population living below the poverty line in India.

The Tendulkar Committee recommended revised poverty line estimates. For rural areas, the monthly per capita expenditure was set at Rs. 446 at 2004-05 prices.

The Tendulkar Committee recommended a monthly per capita expenditure of Rs. 578 for urban areas at 2004-05 prices.

Relative poverty focuses on the inequality of income or consumption distribution, comparing the poor to the rest of the population rather than a fixed survival threshold.

Absolute poverty refers to a condition where a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time.