Introduction to disaster - class-X

Cyclones, floods, and landslides are phenomena caused by natural processes of the Earth, classifying them as natural disasters.

A Disaster is an event which causes enormous physical damage to property, huge loss of life and drastic change in the environment. The economic, social and cultural life of the people is affected and they need external help for food, shelter, medicine, financial and social support to overcome the disaster. Disaster is classified according to the origin as natural and man-made Disaster.

All of these

Deforestation is primarily an anthropogenic activity, meaning it is caused by human intervention rather than being a naturally occurring disaster.

Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence by a person or group. The goal is to intimidate or coerce societies or governments in an effort to promote political or ideological beliefs. These attacks can take many forms, and could happen at any time in any place. Terrorists typically exploit vulnerabilities, and may use technology, hazardous materials, biological agents or other methods to create devastating disruptions to the community.

Earthquakes, cyclones, and landslides are all examples of natural hazards that can lead to disasters.

'Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. DRR is very wide-ranging. Its scope is much broader and deeper than conventional emergency management. 

In the event of a transport accident, students should prioritize calling for emergency services, informing authorities, and providing immediate aid, making all options correct.

Both the Tarun Bharat Sangh (often referred to in water management contexts) and the Jal Board are organizations involved in water management and conservation efforts.

The United Nations declared the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction to promote international cooperation in disaster mitigation.

Chernobyl, the Mumbai terrorist attack, and the Bhopal gas tragedy are all examples of disasters caused by human error, negligence, or malicious intent.

Disasters have multifaceted impacts, including loss of life, destruction of crops, and damage to critical infrastructure.

The word disaster is derived from the French word 'désastre', which itself comes from Italian and Greek roots meaning 'bad star'.

People residing in the coastal areas may face Floods, Cyclones frequently. The main effect of tropical cyclones includes heavy rain, strong wind, large storm. The cyclone depends mainly on its intensity, its size, and its location. 

Disaster management planning is generally categorized into three main phases: preparation (before), response (during), and recovery (after).

The 2014 floods in Jammu and Kashmir caused severe damage, with Srinagar being one of the most significantly affected cities.

The Disaster Management Act in India was enacted by the Parliament of India in 2005.

The state of Jammu and Kashmir experienced catastrophic flooding in September 2014 due to heavy rainfall.

Disasters are broadly classified into two main types: natural disasters and man-made disasters.

National Disaster Management Authority has been constituted with the Prime Minister of India as its Chairman, a Vice Chairman with the status of Cabinet Minister, and eight members with the status of Ministers of State.

A disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society, causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses.

A community refers to a group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common, often sharing a way of life.

A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, or economic disruption.

The four phases of disaster: 

1. mitigation 
2. preparedness
3. response
4. recovery.

Disaster management is a comprehensive process that includes planning, organizing, coordinating, and implementing measures to reduce the impact of disasters.

Manmade disasters: These can be divided into different categories and they include technological hazards, sociological hazards and transportation hazards among others.

Some types of manmade disasters which are just as catastrophic include chemical spill, oil spill, arson and terrorism. There are also some technological hazards which include power outages structural collapse, industrial hazards and fire. In cases of the last example, thousands of kilometers of land can be destroyed and anything else that is in the wake of the fires path.

A volcanic eruption is a geological process and a classic example of a natural disaster, unlike the other options which are industrial or human-caused.

A. Due to its geological set up.

India, due to its, physio-graphic and climatic conditions is one of the most disaster prone areas of the world. It is vulnerable to windstorms from both the Arabian Seaand Bay of Bengal. There are active crustal movements in the Himalaya leading to earthquakes. About 58.7 % of the toatal land mass is prone to earthquake of moderate to very high intensity. Floods brought about by heavy rain and drought in arid and semi arid areas. About 12 % of the o f the total land mass is flood prone and 68 % of the arable land is vulnerable to drought. The Western region of the country is represented by the Thar Desert and the central India by the Deccan Plateau face recurring droughts due to acute shortage of rainfall. India has increasingly become vulnerable to Tsunamis since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. India has a coastline running 7600 km long.

The World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction was held in Yokohama, Japan, in 1994. It resulted in the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World.

Floods, tsunamis, and limnic eruptions are related to water or water bodies, making them hydrological or hydro-meteorological disasters. A volcanic eruption is a geological disaster caused by tectonic or magmatic activity.

Geological disasters are caused by Earth processes, such as earthquakes, sinkholes, and avalanches. Floods are primarily hydrological or meteorological in nature.

Major World Conferences on Disaster Reduction, including the 1994 Yokohama conference and the 2005 Hyogo conference, were held in Japan.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) was finally agreed on 18th March 2015 in Sendai, Japan. The Sendai Framework is sharpening focus on the vital role that ecosystems play in reducing disaster risk, particularly in shared river basins, wetlands and coastal areas.

Ecosystems such as forests can act as buffers against natural hazards, notably flooding. One of the most telling examples comes from the Caribbean, where Haiti’s forest cover is just 3.8 percent while its much greener island neighbor the Dominican Republic boasts 40.8 percent.

The 2016 Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in New Delhi resulted in both the Asian Regional Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework and the New Delhi Declaration.

In the event of a fire, it is standard safety protocol to alert others, attempt to extinguish small fires if safe, and cut off power to prevent electrical hazards.

Risk Transfer refers to instruments that share/hedge economic risks before losses occur. Examples include: Budget self-insurance, Market Insurance and Reinsurance, Public asset coverage, Risk pooling and diversification and Risk financing.

DRR is a part of sustainable development, so it must involve every part of society, government, non-governmental organizations and the professional and private sector. It therefore requires a people-centered and multi-sector approach, building resilience to multiple, cascading and interacting hazards and creating a culture of prevention and resilience. Consequently DRM includes strategies designed to:

1. Avoid the construction of new risks
2. Address pre-existing risks
3. Share and spread risk to prevent disaster losses being absorbed by other development outcomes and creating additional poverty

India with its vast size and unique geo-physical characteristics is one of the world's most disaster prone countries. Natural disasters occur frequently in varying intensity in different parts of the country. 
1. Over 55% of the land area is vulnerable to earth quakes.
2. 12% to floods
3. 8% to cyclones.
4. 70% of the cultivable land is prone to drought.

Natural hazards are defined as natural processes or phenomena that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

On Dec 23,2005 the Government of India took a defining step by enacting the disaster management act,2005. It envisaged the creation of Nation disaster management authority. It is to be headed by the Prime Minister and it was created to spearhead and adopt a holistic and integrated approach a disaster management.

Mitigation is also used to assess structural and non-structural measures undertaken to reduce possible damage at a level which does not harm people and property, according to codes or accepted practice based, among other issues, on a known probability of hazard.

The options A, B, and C are all well-documented causes of transport accidents. Therefore, none of the statements are 'not true'.

Deforestation removes vegetation that stabilizes soil and regulates water cycles, directly contributing to increased erosion, flooding, and local climate changes like droughts.

It is widely cited in Indian disaster management literature that approximately 68% to 70% of the cultivable land in India is prone to drought.

Disasters caused by human error, negligence, or faulty planning are classified as man-made disasters.

Tsunami warning signs include official alerts, radio broadcasts, and natural indicators like a significant, rapid recession of the ocean water from the shoreline.

Emergency preparedness is a shared responsibility involving the government, communities, private organizations, and individuals.

The floods occurred in 2010 across a large part of Ladakh, a region of the northernmost Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. 71 towns and villages were damaged, including the main town in the area, Leh. At least 255 people are reported to have died, after a cloudburst and heavy overnight rains triggered flash foods, mudslides, and debris flows.