Crafts and industries - class-X

When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up.

The first cotton mill to be established by Cowasjee Nanabhoy was in Mumbai on 7 July 1854. The mill was called Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company. It was India’s first steam-powered textile mill. The mill started production on 7 February 1856 under the supervision of British engineers and skilled cotton operatives.

Tata Iron and Steel Company was founded by Jamshedji Tata and established by Dorabji Tata on 26 August 1907. Its largest plant located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. TISC has been recognized as one of the largest steel manufacturers and suppliers of steel products.

The textile industry was the most prosperous in India. Indian Woollen and silk items were also in huge demand all over the world, and this industry generated massive employment for both skilled and unskilled labour. But with the import of cheap foreign goods by Britishers the Textile industry bean to decline

Historically, weaving and textile production were the most prominent traditional industries in India, supporting a vast population of artisans before the industrial revolution.

The first jute mill was established at Rishra, on the River Hooghly near Calcutta in 1855 when Mr. George Acland brought jute spinning machinery from Dundee. Four years later, the first power driven weaving factory was set up.

Ancient Indian steel was called as wootz steel. It had a uniform composition of 1–1.6% carbon and could be heated and shaped into bars and used in making articles like swords. It originated in India from around 6th century BC.

Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized by a pattern of bands, which are formed by sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix in higher carbon steel, or by ferrite and pearlite banding in lower carbon steels. It is the pioneering steel alloy matrix developed in Southern India in the 6th century BC and exported globally. It was also known in the ancient world by many different names including Wootz, Ukku, Hindvi Steel, Hinduwani Steel, Teling Steel and Seric Iron.

The First Railway line in kerala was commissioned on 12 March 1861 from Beypur to Tirur. It was built by Madras Railway company.

Ancient Indian steel was called as wootz steel. It had a uniform composition of 1–1.6% carbon and could be heated and shaped into bars and used in making articles like swords. It originated in India from around 6th century BC.

By the middle of the 19th century, export of the cotton and silk goods from India practically ceased. The art of spinning and weaving, which for ages had given employment to thousands of  artisans became extinct.

Iron and steel production emerged as the second most significant industrial sector in India following the establishment of modern factories in the early 20th century.

Wootz Steel is produced by a method known in ancient India. The process involved preparation of porous iron, hammering it while hot to release slag, breaking it up and sealing it with wood chips in a clay container, and heating it until the pieces of iron absorbed carbon from the wood and melted. The steel thus produced had a uniform composition of 1–1.6% carbon and could be heated and forged into bars for later use in fashioning articles, such as the famous medieval Damascus swords.

During the colonial period, the expansion of commercial crops like coconut for export led to a reduction in land available for food crops, which contributed to food shortages and famine in parts of Kerala.

TISCO is the multinational steel company. It is a part of Tata Group, headquartered in Mumbai. TISCO is located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. It is the largest plant of TISCO. Tata Steel is the 10th-largest steel producer in the world.

The Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited was formed in 1907 at Mumbai. It was formed with the aid of American experts.  American specialists were brought in and began surveying in 1903. It primarily serves customers in the automotive, construction, consumer goods, engineering, packaging, lifting and excavating, energy and power, aerospace, etc.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy.The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth.

The early industrialization in Kerala, particularly in the mid-20th century, was concentrated in the major commercial and administrative hubs of Kochi and the Travancore region.

After the Portuguese, Dutch from the Netherlands arrived in India . In 1602 CE Dutch East India Company was established. Agra, Machalipatnam, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapatnam, Cochin and such other places were Dutch trading centres in India.

After the Portuguese, Dutch from the Netherlands arrived in India . In 1602 CE Dutch East India Company'' was established. Agra, Machalipatnam, Surat, Karaikal, Nagapatnam, Cochin and such other places were Dutch trading centres in India.

To combat the food crisis caused by the shift toward cash crops, the cultivation of cassava (tapioca) was encouraged as a reliable and high-yield food source for the local population.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth.

French were the last among Europeans to reach India for trade. They established French East India Company in 1664 CE. In India, the French opened their first ware house at Surat in 1668 C.E. They opened their trade centers at Pondichery, Maslipatnam, Calicut, Maha, Karaikal and Chandranagar. Pondicherry was the capital of the French.

The specific process of producing high-quality Wootz steel in South India using crucibles and charcoal furnaces is historically associated with the Tamilakam region.

The process of sponge iron manufacturing involves removal of oxygen from iron ore. When that happens, the departing oxygen causes micro pores in the ore body, turning it porous. When the eventual product is observed under a microscope, it resembles a honeycomb structure, which looks spongy in texture. Hence the name sponge iron. India ranked first in 2013 by producing 18.679 tons of sponge iron. India is the world's largest producer of sponge iron, most of which is produced primarily through the coal-based method of production.

Thirunal Marthanda Varma is credited with the consolidation of the Travancore state, which included the administrative reform of converting private landholdings (madambis) into state-owned land (pandaramvaka).

European managing agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Three of the biggest ones were: Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and Jardine Skinner & Co. 

From the 17th century onwards, several European travelers observed the steel manufacturing in South India, at Mysore, Malabar and Golconda.

Rao Bahadur T.M. Appu Nedungadi  established Nedungadi Bank in 1899 in Calicut, Kerala. It was the first private bank in not just Kerala but the whole South India. The bank was incorporated in 1913. 

Tippu Sultan's sword was made up of the Wootz steel, which was manufactured in Southern India. Wootz Steel is produced
by a method known in ancient India. The process involved preparation of
porous iron, hammering it while hot to release slag, breaking it
up and sealing it with wood chips in a clay container, and heating it until the
pieces of iron absorbed carbon from the wood and melted. The steel thus
produced had a uniform composition of 1–1.6% carbon and could be heated and
forged into bars for later use in fashioning articles, such as the famous medieval
Damascus swords.

Hindustan Steel Limited  was established in 1954 as a construction organization under the Ministry of Steel, Govt of India. It was formed with a mandate of developing and sourcing indigenous capabilities for setting up of integrated steel plants in India. It has a rich exposure in extraction of minerals and coal from open cast mines, removal of over burden etc. during the last decade.

Bokaro Steel Plant (BSP) is located in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand. . It is the fourth integrated public sector steel plant in India built with Soviet help. It was incorporated as a limited company in 1964. It was later merged with the state-owned Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).

The first Railway line in Kerala was in Tirur from Beypore on 12th March 1861. It was 30.5 km long. Tirur is a town in Malappuram district in Kerala. Though no trains originate from this station, almost every train stops on it.

The Travancore government issued a landmark proclamation in 1865, known as the Pandarapattom Proclamation, which granted ownership rights to tenants of state lands.

The Malabar Tenancy Act of 1929 was a significant piece of legislation that followed the recommendations provided by the Logan Commission regarding land tenure issues in the Malabar region.

French were the last among Europeans to reach India for trade. They established French East India Company in 1664 CE. In India, the French opened their first ware house at Surat in 1668 C.E. They opened their trade centers at Pondichery, Maslipatnam, Calicut, Maha, Karaikal and Chandranagar. Pondicherry was the capital of the French.

In the beginning, English followed Peaceful Trade as their policy. But, they took advantage of the deteriorated political situation of India to establish their political supremacy. The Merchants of England who aspired to have trade with the East Countries, founded The East India Company in 1600 CE. They established trade links with India with the permission of Queen Elizabeth.

The beedi industry in Kerala has a strong historical association with the Kannur district, where it became a significant source of employment for the local workforce.

The Kochi Tenancy Act, aimed at regulating the relationship between landlords and tenants, was enacted in 1914.

H.V Conolly, the then Collector of British, laid the foundation of the Nilambur Teak Plantation in Malappuram in the 1840s.

The Janmi-Kudian Act, which provided legal protection and ownership rights to tenants in Travancore, was passed in 1896.

The first Coir factory “Darragh Smail & Co.” for the manufacture of Coir floor furnishings was established by Mr. James Darragh together with Henry Smail at Alleppey during the year 1859. He was an adventurous Irish born American national. He started the coir manufacturing industry for producing coir mats, matting and other floor coverings on a factory basis. 

Jamshetji Tata was the visionary industrialist who founded the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) in Jamshedpur, marking the beginning of modern steel production in India.

The first successful modern textile mill in India was established in Bombay in 1854, taking advantage of the city's port and proximity to cotton-growing regions.

The first cotton mill in Bombay was established in 1854, which marked the start of the organized textile industry in India.

Jamsetji Tata is widely recognized as the founder of Tata Steel, having laid the groundwork for the company before his death in 1904.

The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) began production in 1907, representing the first modern iron and steel unit in India.

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was formally incorporated in 1907.