Structure of Nephron

Malpighian body is also called kidney corpuscle. Malpighian body is the structure at the beginning of a vertebrate nephron, consisting of a glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule. It mainly involved in filteration of blood. Thus, option B is correct.

Nephrons are the cells of kidney which are composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.  The renal corpuscle is also known Malpighian body. It consists of cup like double walled structure known as Bowman’s capsule and the bunch of capillaries present in the Bowman’s capsule is known as glomerulus. It helps in filtration of blood at high pressure. So, the correct answer is 'Kidney'.

A) Henle's loop is present between DCT and PCT.

The Juxta medullary nephron is one in which the renal corpuscle (Malphigian corpuscle having the Malphigian body) is located in the cortex but near to the medulla and the other regions, such as the proximal convulated tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convulated tubule are located deeper in the medulla. The only region present in the cortex is malphigian body. So, the correct answer is A.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the afferent arteriole (which supplies the glomerulus).

The uriniferous tubule consists of the nephron and the collecting duct. However, in some textbook definitions, the collecting duct is considered a separate structure from the nephron itself, making it the correct answer for 'not a part of the nephron'.

The medullary osmotic gradient in the kidney is established and maintained primarily by the countercurrent mechanism involving NaCl and urea. These solutes accumulate in the renal interstitium to allow for the concentration of urine.

Podocytes are a type of cells in the Bowman's capsule of the nephrons in the kidneys that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus. The long processes or foot projections of the podocytes wrap around the capillaries and leave slits between them. Blood is filtered through these slits, each known as a slit diaphragm or filtration slit.

As blood enters your kidneys, it is filtered by glomerulus. The ultrafiltrate produced by the glomerulus initially contains small molecules like water, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, urea, and creatinine as well as ions such as potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, and phosphate. All of this filtrate is channeled from the Bowman's space inside of the Bowman's capsule into the long series of ducts in the nephron, which are collectively called the renal tubule. During this journey, many things will be added and subtracted to and from the ultrafiltrate by the cells lining these ducts in order to finally form the urine.  After this the tubular fluid leaves the renal tubules and passes to the collecting duct system, which connects the nephron to the ureter. Urine then enters the urinary bladder ( which collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination) via the ureters and exits via the urethra.

"Uriniferous tubule" or "nephron" are the structural and functional unit of kidney. It is present in the outer firm region of kidney, the renal cortex. It consist of renal corpuscle and a long renal tubule. 

The functional unit of the kidney is the uriniferous tubule, a highly convoluted structure that modifies the fluid passing through it to form to form urine as its final output. This tubule consists of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule.

Malpighian body is found in the kidneys of the vertebrates. It is also called kidney corpuscle and is composed of a glomerulus and the Bowman's capsule. It is concerned with the filtration of the blood and forms the glomerular filtrate. In insects, the malpighian tubules are present for the excretion.

Urine is formed in the kidney. The tubes which connect the kidney and urinary bladder are known as the ureter. From the kidney, urine is propelled into the urinary bladder through ureters which are made of smooth muscle fibres. The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and can be controlled. The urethra is a long tube which connects urinary bladder to the urinary meatus for removal of urine from the body. In males, urethra travels through the penis and meet the urethral meatus located at the tip of the penis. In females, urethra connects to the urethral meatus above the vagina. The urethra is also known as the urinary opening. Hence the opening of urinary bladder is urethra.

Each human kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, so two kidneys contain approximately 2 million nephrons.

Filtration takes place through semipermeable walls of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are collectively called malpighian corpuscle.

In humans, the Kidney is the excretory organ. Nephron or uriniferous tubule is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. On an average, 25-30 gm of urea is excreted out per day through urine. Hence uriniferous tubules are mainly concerned with removal of urea from the blood.

The nephrons along with collecting ducts are called as uriniferous tubule. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. The body of the nephron is divided into  Bowman's capsule, PCT, Henle's loop and DCT. Hence glomerulus does not belong to the uriniferous tubule. Glomerulus are the tuft of capillaries present in the Bowman's capsule.

Renin is produced in the kidney by the juxtaglomerular cells of renal cortex. It participates in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system which maintains the blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. It breaks the angiotensinogen secreted from the liver into a peptide angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further cleaved into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal glands and releases aldosterone which acts on the collecting tubules to absorb more sodium ions which in turn increases the absorption of water and increases the blood volume.  It also acts on the CNS to increase water intake by stimulating thirst. So the correct answer is 'Renin'.

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is also called as uriniferous tubule. The active absorption of Na+ ion followed by the absorption of Cl created high osmotic pressure in the uriniferous tubule.

Juxta-glomerular cells are specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole, which supplies blood to the glomerulus. When the kidney receives the low volume of blood (low glomerular blood flow)the juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to release renin.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole. It consists of three cell types: The macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells. A fall in glomerular filtration rate activates juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. Renin increases blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Juxta-glomerular cells are specialized smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole, which supplies blood to the glomerulus. When the kidney receives the low volume of blood the juxtaglomerular cells are stimulated to release Renin.renin  converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I and
further to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II, being a powerful
vasoconstrictor, increases the glomerular blood pressure and thereby
GFR. Angiotensin II also activates the adrenal cortex to release
Aldosterone. Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+
and water from
the distal parts of the tubule. This also leads to an increase in blood
pressure and GFR.

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is also called as uriniferous tubule. During the process of urine formation in nephron certain substances are secreted (passes out) and some are reabsorbed along the length of the nephron. The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolytes like  Na(+). ions actively or passively.

Macula densa are specialized cells present in the distal convoluted tubule of nephron where distal convoluted tubule come in contact with the afferent renal arteriole of the glomerulus. When blood volume has decreased the cells of macula densa give signals to juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin enzyme. Hence cells of macula densa produce renin in response to low blood volume by stimulating juxtaglomerular cells.

The renal pelvis or pelvis of the kidney is the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney. In humans, the renal pelvis is the point where the two or three major calyces join together. Renal pelvis, enlarged upper end of the ureter, the tube through which urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

A malphagian body is constituted of two parts - Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is the tuft of capillaries and has the filtering apparatus. The Bowman's capsule has a cup-like sack present at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron.

Juxtamedullary nephrons form about $15%$ of total nephrons. Their glomeruli are found in the inner margin of the cortex. They control plasma volume when water supply is short. 

Cortical nephrons either have short or absent loops of Henle. Only juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle, which plunge into the renal medulla and create a hypersomotic interstitium via counter current multiplication. 

Nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Juxtamedullary nephrons are found only in birds and mammals. These are juxtamedullary on the basis of their Loop of Henle which is deep in the renal medulla and the renal corpuscle is in the medulla and only around 15-20% of the nephrons are juxtamedullary.

Blood plasma contains red and white blood cells, blood proteins, glucose, water, nitrogenous wastes, salt. Glomerular filtrate contains glucose, salt, water, nitrogenous wastes. Blood cells and plasma proteins are not filtered through the glomerular capillaries because they are relatively larger in size.

The proximal tubule can only reabsorb a limited amount of glucose. When the blood glucose level exceeds about 160-180 mg/dl or 160-180 mg/100ml, the proximal tubule becomes overwhelmed and begins to excrete glucose in the urine. this point is called the renal threshold of glucose (RTG).
So, the correct answer is option B.

A glomerulus is a network of capillaries responsible for the filtration of blood in the nephron the functional unit of the kidney. The glomerulus is surrounded by a single layer of epithelium called the Bowman's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle, the basic filtration unit of the
kidney. 

The filtration slits present in the endothelium of the glomerulus are of the size 25 nm that can allow the plasma and solutes to diffuse in but not the blood cells. So the filtrate in the Bowman's Capsule that has diffused in from the glomerulus is colourless due to an absence of RBCs.