Functional areas of management - class-XII

Management is considered a pervasive function because it is required at all levels of an organization, in all types of organizations, and in all departments.

G.R. Terry is a well-known management theorist who described management processes, including personnel management, as continuous functions that do not have a fixed end point.

Planning is the management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.

Training and development function of personnel manager can be treated as operative function. Training means equipping the employees with the required skill to perform the job. The candidates are sent for training so that they can perform the job in the expected manner. Development refers to overall growth of the employees..

Organizing as a function of management involves determination of activities of the enterprise keeping in view its objectives. Organizing is concerned with both the "orderly" assemblage of human and material
resources as well as the process of development of a structure of
formally identified and distinguished tasks, roles and relationships
that may be attributable to the various members so that they may
effectively work as a group. Organizing results in creation of an organizational structure which shapes the system of working.

Edwin B Flippo, defines
"Personnel Management is the planning, organization, directing and
controlling of the procurement, development, resources to the end that
individual and societal objectives are accomplished". Personnel management can be also defined as a phase of management which deals with the effective control and use of manpower or human resources.

Coordination is the process of synchronizing the activities of different departments or individuals. Without it, even if everyone is cooperating, their efforts may be misaligned, leading to inefficiency.

Directing function
of management starts issuing orders and instructions to subordinates
and ends with getting things done by satisfaction of various need of
subordinates. Directing function of management is concerned with instructing, guiding, inspiring and motivating the employees in the organization so that their efforts result in achievement of organizational goal..

HR process/ staffing provides the organization with adequate number of competent and qualified personnel at all levels in the enterprise. Staffing involves finding the right person for the right job having the right qualification, doing the right job at the right time. Staffing has been described as a managerial function of filling and keeping the filled position in the organization structure..

Co-operation is a voluntary collective action to serve a common purpose. Whereas co-ordination is the orderly synchronization of group efforts so as to provide
unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose. Co-operation is a voluntary effort of employees. Co-ordination deals with harmonizing the work relations and efforts at all levels for common purpose.

Cooperating is not a function of management.  

Management is a
dynamic process of getting things done by others with the aim of achieving
common goals effectively and efficiently. For management to implement smoothly in an organisation, all the functions starting from planning to organizing then staffing  to directing and ending up with controlling is esstential. 

According to Theo Haimann, “Administration means overall determination of policies, setting of major objectives, the identification of general purposes and laying down of broad programmes and projects”.

Controlling is a managerial functions where the actual performance of a company is compared with the planned one and deviations are recorded there upon. After which corrective actions are taken in order to match the actual performance with  the planned one. Therefore, who reports to whom is not a part of control mechanism. 

Concern for law basically emphasizes on the requirement of the qualifications for a managerial position in an organisation whereas the non requirement of qualifications for some other position in the organization. 

Organizing refers to identifying and grouping different activities in the organization and bringing together the physical, financial and human resources to establish the most productive relations for the achievement of specific goals. Organizing defines the job network in an organisation where superior-subordinate relationship is very well defined. Therefore, it is also known as behavioral approach to management.  

Organizing is the process of arranging resources and tasks to achieve goals. It becomes necessary when multiple people need to work together to accomplish a task that is too large for one person.

Newmann and Summer identified planning and organizing as key components of the management process in their classic management literature.

Good human relations in management require a holistic approach, including self-awareness, understanding individual psychology, and effective direction and control of team dynamics.

The major functions of business organizations, such as production, marketing, and finance, are interdependent and integrated. They do not function in isolation; rather, they overlap to achieve organizational goals.

Marketing is the management function primarily responsible for identifying customer needs, analyzing market trends, and investigating new market opportunities.

In classical management theory, administration is often distinguished from management by its focus on high-level decision-making, which includes legislative (policy-setting) and determinative functions.

Organizing is the management process of arranging resources, personnel, and tasks in a structured way to ensure the efficient achievement of organizational objectives.

Luther Gulick coined word POSDCORB as management using the initial letters.
P for planning
O for organising
S for staffing
D for directing
CO for coordinating
R reporting
B budgeting

Staffing is the specific management function concerned with the recruitment, selection, and placement of the right personnel to fill organizational roles.

Luther Gulick coined the word POSDCORB using the initial letters of Management functions :

Management is essential for organizational survival, societal welfare through economic growth, and the effective utilization of human capital. Therefore, all listed points describe its importance.

Well-managed organizations are characterized by their ability to adapt, build strong customer relationships, and achieve sustainable growth and prosperity over time.

Low-level (supervisory) management primarily requires technical and human skills to oversee daily operations. Administrative skills are typically associated with top-level management.

Design skill is often referred to as problem-solving skill because it involves the ability to visualize complex situations and devise effective solutions to problems.

Coordination is widely considered the essence of management rather than a separate function, as it is required to perform all other management functions effectively.

Coordination ensures that efforts are synchronized, but without the voluntary cooperation of employees, the process can feel forced or oppressive, leading to dissatisfaction.

This is Henri Fayol's famous definition of management from his administrative theory. While the option text shows 'to command' twice, this is clearly a transcription error - the original quote lists five functions: to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate, and to control.

Management might plan- for a short period and also for long period. The time period depends on the organizational objectives. Management helps to achieve group goals. It also helps to use available resources at an optimum level.

"Personnel
Management is the recruitment, selection, development, utilization,
compensation and motivation of human resources by the organization".  This definition is given by French Wendell.  Personnel management can be also defined as a phase of management which deals with the effective control and use of manpower or human resources.

Controlling consists
in knowing the extent to which actions are in conformity with plans
adopted and instructions issued so that errors and deviations are
promptly reported and analyzed, and suitable corrective actions taken.Controlling function of management can be defined as process of
comparison between actual output and planned output to find out the
reasons for derivation and taking corrective measures to stop such
derivations in future. It helps to achieve organizational goal.

Maintaining discipline and rewarding effective performance is part of directing function of management. Directing function of management is
concerned with instructing, guiding, inspiring and motivating the
employees in the organization so that their efforts result in
achievement of organizational goal. Directing function also help them to get motivated to perform more efficiently.

Directing the subordinates involves guiding, counselling and instructing the subordinates about the proper way of doing the job.Directing function
of management starts issuing orders and instructions to subordinates
and ends with getting things done by satisfaction of various need of
subordinates..

Division of work among people and coordination of their efforts to achieve specific objectives are the fundamental aspects of organization.Organization results in creation of an
organizational structure which shapes the system of working. It can be
defined as identifying and grouping different activities in the
organization for the achievement of specific goal of organization.

a) Co-ordination should be viewed as a responsibility of only top level manager of the organization- this statement is false since co-ordination is a responsibility of all levels of managers.
b) Co-ordination and co-operation are same things- this statement is also incorrect.Co-operation
is a voluntary collective action to serve a common purpose. Whereas
co-ordination is the orderly synchronization of group efforts so as to
provide
unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose.Co-operation is
a voluntary effort of employees. Co-ordination deals with harmonizing
the work relations and efforts at all levels for common purpose.

Planning and controlling are closely linked to each other- this is a true statement. The base for comparison or the yardstick to check is given by planning to controlling function. The controlling function of management makes sure that everyone follows the plan strictly.

Henry Fayol, the French Industrialist and popularly known the 'founder of modern management theory'. Henry Fayol was born in France in 1841. He became famous as "Father of Management Studies and Thoughts". He developed fourteen principles of management which act as guidelines for management to perform managerial activities.