Trade and factors affecting trade - class-VIII

 It may take place through sea, air or land routes. 

Egypt is historically well-known for its high-quality long-staple cotton, which is a significant commodity in its export profile.

India is a major producer and exporter of textiles, garments, and footwear. Raw wool is generally imported by India to meet the requirements of its domestic woolen industry.

New Zealand is globally recognized for its extensive sheep farming industry, making wool one of its primary traditional exports.

• Raw materials form the part of the primary sector. 

India earns the maximum foreign exchange from the export of Iron.

Throughout history, it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent and a vital strategic military choke point for various states that came to control it. 

The exchange of ideas and commodities between India and the rest of the world since ancient times is due to the fact that passes between the mountains and the sea routes enabled trade and the spread of Indian ideas in the rest of the world.

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP)

 It may take place through sea, air or land routes. 

India's central position at the head of the Indian Ocean provides it with a strategic advantage for maritime trade, connecting the East and West via the Suez Canal route.

Trade occurring within the borders of a single country, such as between two cities in India, is classified as internal or domestic trade.

The exchange of goods is driven by regional differences in resources, which are influenced by geology, vegetation, and soil quality. These factors determine what a region can produce and what it must trade for.

Primary products are the products which are used in raw form ,which are not manufactured. Hence cereal, cotton and fruits are in raw form i.e they are produced by earth.

Trade occurs because of surplus of goods in one place. A trade surplus is an economic measure of a positive balance of trade, where a country's exports exceed its imports. 

Temperate regions have the climate suitable for large-scale dairy farming and the growth of coniferous forests, which provide softwood.

• Domestic trade is also known as internal trade or home trade. It is the exchange of domestic goods within the boundaries of a country. 

• Bilateral trade is an exchange of commodities exclusively between two countries.

Trade may be defined as "an exchange of goods and commodities either within the country or between countries." In simple terms, buying and selling of commodities is called trade and it may be local, regional, national and international.

The most widely accepted theory for why the Middle East is loaded with oil is that the region was not always a vast desert. Scientists say that 100 million years ago this area was instead a massive body of water known as the “Tethys Ocean.” Rivers that fed into this ocean were loaded with nutrients, which lead to conditions that were conducive for a diverse variety of microscopic life to materialize in the water.

These conditions resulted in billions and billions of minuscule marine creatures swimming about. Algae, bacteria, and whatever else nature came up with eventually accumulated on the ocean floor in thick layers that grew to be miles deep. As more layers formed on top of these over time, the lower parts were compressed. Those compressed aquatic corpses transformed into oil. The oil was captured in place on the seabed by thick layers of salt.

As the land in the modern Middle East region rose due to tectonic activity, the Tethys Ocean receded. What remained in its place was the sandy, dry Middle Eastern desert. But deep under the sand, the oily remains of billions of microscopic lifeforms still lie buried. Today, we suck these remains to the surface and use them.

• Switzerland is known to have dominated the watch market for years. 
  
• With a reputation for renowned craftsmanship, brands such as Rolex have ensured their timepieces remain the last word in elegance and style.
  

• China is the world's largest silk producer. 
  
• The vast majority of Chinese silk originates from the mulberry silkworms.
  
• More than ten million farmers in China raise silk and nearly half a million people are employed in silk-fabric production. 
  

International trade is primarily driven by economic factors such as comparative advantage, production costs, demand, and market accessibility.

• ASEAN is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia. 
  
• The main aims and purposes of ASEAN are to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region.

Malaysia is the fifth largest producer and exporter of natural rubber. They are the leader in the production and export of rubber products. They are also the largest consumer of natural rubber.

• The world's political relations has a big impact on international trade. 
• International trade can be one of the most contentious of political issues, both domestically and between governments.

• Transportation plays a major role in the economic uplift of a country as it promotes internal and external trade, economic use of natural resources, mobility of skilled labour-force, diversification of markets, provision of fuel, reduction in employment, increase in agricultural and industrial production etc. 

Densely populated countries have less international trade because domestic consumption is high and there is not much surplus left.

Labor intensive refers to a process or industry that requires a large amount of labor to produce its goods or services. A prime example of a labor-intensive industry relates to tea production, especially those companies involved in the cultivating of tea leaves that must be picked with minimal damage to the plant as a whole.

The United States is the most important economic markets in the world. The largest exports of the United States are cars, refined petroleum, planes, helicopters, and spacecraft, and pharmaceuticals. The success of the United States economy can be attributed to factors such as a wealth of natural resources, excellent infrastructure, and a productive workforce. The country also has the designation of being the world's largest industrial sector. 

Australia, while rich in minerals, historically relies on imports for certain food grains and petroleum products due to its specific climate and resource distribution.

Europe, with its highly developed industrial base, is a major global exporter of finished and semi-finished manufactured goods.

Japan is  an asian country which doesn't import manufactured goods as it has developed its' manufacturing industry. Almost everything is manufactured in Japan. Japan has become rich and developed because they invested a lot in human resources in the field of education and health to succeed. Their system of governance is stable and consistent over the years. 

The forest industry as a whole plays an important part in the Swedish economy. It is also heavily export oriented and makes a significant contribution to Sweden’s trade balance. Sweden is the world’s second largest exporter of pulp, paper and sawn wood products combined.  Of the pulp and paper production, close to 90 percent is exported. As for pulp production, around a quarter of the total consumption of pulp within the europe are manufactured in Sweden. 

Many Asian countries are significant sources of raw materials and minerals, which are exported to fuel industrial growth in other parts of the world.

Europe has historically maintained the largest volume of international trade due to its high density of developed economies and integrated market systems.

The main agricultural exports of Australia include wheat, beef,meat, and wool.Australia's export account for over 90 percent of wool and cotton production, nearly 80 percent of wheat, over 50 percent of barley and rice, over 40 percent of beef and grain legumes, over 30 percent of dairy products, and nearly 20 percent of fruit production.

The main exports from Latin America are agricultural products .

• Trade in raw materials is extremely important for the sustainability of European countries and their economies.
  
•  Construction, chemicals, the automotive and aerospace industries, machinery and equipment are some of the sectors that are most dependent on access to raw materials.
  
• The EU has an ongoing trade deficit in raw materials  (SITC sections 2 and 4, including non-manufactured goods such as oilseeds, cork, wood, pulp, textile fibres, ores and other minerals as well as animal and vegetable oils) since 2005.
  

Barter is a system where people engage in exchange of goods and services without the use of money as payment. Instead in return of the item purchased, one has to provide some service or give some goods in return to the person from which the good is purchased.

Rubber has been a significant addition to India's export list as production has expanded to meet international demand.