Germination - class-X

When a soaked seed is pressed the water comes out from the pore of the seed which is known as the micropyle.

Roots system develops from the radicle of the embryo because in seed, the radicle grows downward into the soil to absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

Vivipary is the phenomenon of germination of seeds inside the fruit while it is still attached to the parent tree. Such adaptation is found in halophytes. Viviparous plants produce seeds that germinate before they detach from the parent. In many mangroves, for instance, the seedling germinates and grows under its own energy while still attached to its parent.

Coleoptile is the pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as grasses. Coleoptiles have two vascular bundles, one on either side. Coleoptiles consist of very similar cells that are all specialised to fast stretch growth. They do not divide, but increase in size as they accumulate more water. Coleoptiles also have water vessels along the axis to provide a water supply. 
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Vivipary has two different meanings. In animals, it means development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, eventually leading to live birth, as opposed to laying eggs. In plants, it means reproduction via embryos, such as buds, that develop from the outset without interruption, as opposed to germinating externally from a seed. Examples: Cocos, Squash, Rhizophora. It is because all these seeds have high moisture content.

Seed germination is a highly metabolic process requiring significant energy, which is provided by ATP generated in the mitochondria.

The germination process which takes place below the ground and the cotyledon and endosperm do not come out of the soil is called as Hypogeal germination.

In many dicotyledons like beans, castor, and some monocotyledons, the cotyledon is pushed above the soil by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl and they function as photosynthetic organs till the establishment of the seedling. This kind of germination is known as epigeal germination. 

The mangroves grow as a group of shrubs along the tidal coasts of mudflats, with specially evolved viviparous (bringing forth live young)  seed development just like mammals. In mangroves, Abscisic acid(ABA) a plant hormone plays a significant role in viviparous germination of seeds. 

Vivipary is the condition whereby the embryo (the young plant within the seed) grows first to break through the seed coat then out of the fruit wall while still attached to the parent plant. This condition is found in Bruguiera, Ceriops, Kandelia and Rhizophora species (Mangrove plants). So, the correct answer is 'Mangrove plant'.

Vivipary is defined as the germination of seeds while they are still attached to the parent plant, often within the fruit.

Vivipary is the phenomenon where the seed germinates while still attached to the parent plant, which is a common adaptation in mangrove species.

Vivipary is the special type of seed germination. During germination, seed is till attached to parent plant and nourished by it. It generally occurs in mangrove plant. The mangrove plants are generally medium sized tree which grow in salty marshes of sea coasts. (eg. Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Avicennia). The seeds of mangrove plants cannot germinate on the marshy habitat because of the excessive salt concentration and lack of oxygen. So, the correct answer is ‘Vivipary’.

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind. So, the correct answer is 'Pea'.

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind.

A. Zea mays (Maize) - hypogeal germination.

B. Helianthus (Sunflower) - epigeal germination.

C. Mangifera (Mango)- hypogeal germination.

D. Pisum (Pea)- hypogeal germination.

So, the correct answer is 'Helianthus'.

Epigeal germination: In this type of germination, the hypocotyl elongates rapidly and arches upwards pulling the cotyledons which move above the soil. Bean, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion have germination of this kind.

Hypogeal Germination: In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind. So, the correct answer is 'Castor'.

A. Vivipary :  In plants, vivipary (precocious or premature germination) involves the germination of seeds while still on the parent plant. It is a widespread phenomenon in plants characterized by the lack of seed dormancy. 

C. Monocarpic- flowering only once.

D. Vernalisation- The cooling of seed during germination in order to accelerate flowering when it is planted.

E. Seismonasty is the nastic response of a plant or fungus to touch or vibration.

So, the correct answer is 'Vivipary'.

Terminator genes are genetic modifications designed to prevent seeds from germinating in subsequent generations, effectively forcing farmers to buy new seeds.

In this type of germination, the epicotyl elongates and the cotyledons remain below the soil. Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut have germination of this kind. So, the correct answer is 'Epicotyl'.

Lettuce seeds are known to be light-sensitive, specifically requiring red light to break dormancy and trigger germination.

Vivipary involves the seed germinating immediately while attached to the parent, thereby bypassing the typical dormancy period that other seeds undergo.

Cuscuta (dodder) is a parasitic plant that exhibits a unique form of germination where the embryo develops a single pole of growth to reach the host.

In beans germination takes place above the ground and maize below the ground, bisexual flowers were seen in mustard.

In hypogeal germination, the cotyledons do not come out of the soil surface. In such seeds, the epicotyl (i.e., part of the embryonic axis between plumule and cotyledons) elongates pushing the plumule out of the soil. All monocotyledons show hypogeal germination.

Maize is a member of the Poaceae family, which are monocotyledonous plants, whereas beans, peas, and gram are dicotyledonous.

Epigeal germination is characterized by the hypocotyl elongating and pushing the cotyledons above the soil surface.