Prevention and treatment of disease - class-XI

A protoxin is an inactive toxin which is converted to an active form by the alkaline pH present in the gut of insects.

Anti-toxins are antibodies that neutralize toxins; they are used to provide immediate, temporary protection, which is known as passive immunity.

An antitoxin is a type of antibody that are produced by the other animal and used to neutralize the specific toxins. Antitoxins are used prophylactically and therapeutically.

Probiotics are live organisms intended to provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut flora (microorganisms present in the gut). Yakult is a delicious probiotic fermented milk drink that contains exclusive L.casei strain. Probiotics, when entered into the body generates toxins which help in the elimination of other harmful bacteria.

Snake bites affects the nervous system at the places where nerves connect to muscles, thereby failure of nerves. It also affects the circulatory system by causing destruction of RBCs or causing blood clotting. 

Antivenin (or antivenom) is a biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings, specifically designed to neutralize the venom.

Any injury caused by the biting of a snake is called a snake bite. It is usually poisonous. A common sign of snakebite is the presence of two wounds from snake's fangs. Snakebite delivers poison to the person it bites. This poison has to be nullified through anti-venom drugs. Antivenom is a medicine made from antibiotics. It is used to treat snake bites.

The venom of cobra consists primarily of neurotoxins (affects the nervous system) with several other compounds. They are capable of delivering a fatal bite. These block the transmission of the nerve impulse by the sensory and motor neurons. So, the correct answer is option B.

Antivenin or anti-snake venom serum is the only drug that can neutralise the snake venom and the victim. It should be injected soon after the bite. They are prepared by immunising horses and mules against the venoms of various types of venomous snakes. These antivenins are prepared in India at Haffkine Institute, Mumbai and Central Research Institute, Kasauli.
So, the correct answer is option C.

Liquorice or licorice is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. Licorice is taken by mouth for various digestive system complaints including stomach ulcers, heartburn, colic, and ongoing inflammation of the lining of the stomach (chronic gastritis). 

Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when the growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is not produced during active growth. Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

When the microbe alters in such way that reduces the effectiveness of drug or chemicals to prevent infection and microbes multiply continuously is called as antibiotic resistance. This situation can have occurred due to a continuous supplement of particular antibiotic, production of recombinant enzymes and ineffectiveness of antibiotic. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Penicillin is an antibiotic or the drug produced by the fungal species Penicillium notatum. The antibiotic is very useful in the treatment of the infections caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. This antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Flemming. 

Disinfectants are the chemical or antimicrobial substance that are applied to non-living objects such as floor to kill microbes e.g., phenol, lysol, cresol etc.

Antiseptics are mild chemical substances which when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body e.g., lysol, carbolic acid (phenol).

Disinfectants are the chemical or antimicrobial substance that are applied to non-living objects such as floor to kill microbes e.g., phenol.

(A)Antiseptic is capable of preventing microbial infection

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents, that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms.
Tranquilizers are drugs used to reduce anxiety, fear, tension, agitation and mental disturbances.
Antiseptics are the mild antimicrobial chemical substances, that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Antiseptics are the mild chemical, antimicrobial substance. It is make mild so that it cannot harm the tissues. It is applied to tissues or skin to reduce the infection e.g., hydrogen peroxide.

Antiseptics are mild chemical substances which when applied on the skin to kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol). Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Antiseptics are mild chemical substances which when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body e.g., lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), iodine. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Antiseptics are mild or dilute chemical substances which when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), benzoic acid.

These are mild chemical substances which, when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), Iodine, benzoic acid, Mercurochrome, boric acid etc in dilute solution are good antiseptics. Certain antibiotic creams also serve the same purpose.

Disinfectants are the chemical or antimicrobial substance that are applied to non-living objects such as floor to kill microbes e.g., phenol. Deodrants are the substance used to remove unpleasant bodily odour. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Disinfectants are chemical agents used to disinfect inanimate objects and surfaces e.g., iodine solution, copper sulfate, ozone and chlorine gas. Antiseptics are chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection e.g., hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Disinfection is a process of sterilization (free from contamination). There are three types of disinfectant biological, chemical and physical. Heating, boiling and radiation comes under the physical disinfectant. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Disinfectants are chemical agents used to disinfect inanimate objects and surfaces e.g., phenol, cresol. Antiseptics are the mild chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection e.g., hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Disinfectants are the chemical or antimicrobial substance that are applied to non-living objects such as floor to kill microbes e.g., phenol, cresol. Deodrants are the substance used to remove the unpleasant bodily odour. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

These are mild chemical substances which, when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), Iodine, benzoic acid, Mercurochrome, boric acid etc in dilute solution are good antiseptics. Certain antibiotic creams also serve the same purpose.

These are strong chemical substances that are applied on spots and places where germs thrive an multiply and places where germs thrive and multiply.commonly used disinfectants are cresol, phenol, Lysol,40% formalin, lime, Bordeaux mixture, DDT etc. Precaution-all disinfectants are strong and should not come in contact with the human skin. Strong heat and boiling also destroy germs and may be called physical disinfectants.deodorants are neither antiseptics nor disinfectants.they only serve to mask a bad smell.

These are mild chemical substances which, when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), Iodine, benzoic acid, Mercurochrome, boric acid etc in dilute solution are good antiseptics. Certain antibiotic creams also serve the same purpose. Dettol, savlon are all antiseptics.

These are mild chemical substances which, when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), Iodine, benzoic acid, Mercurochrome, boric acid etc in dilute solution are good antiseptics. Certain antibiotic creams also serve the same purpose. Dettol, savlon are all antiseptics.

These are strong chemical substances that are applied on spots and places where germs thrive an multiply and places where germs thrive and multiply.commonly used disinfectants are cresol, phenol, Lysol,40% formalin, lime, Bordeaux mixture, DDT etc. Precaution-all disinfectants are strong and should not come in contact with the human skin. Strong heat and boiling also destroy germs and may be called physical disinfectants.deodorants are neither antiseptics nor disinfectants.they only serve to mask a bad smell.

These are strong chemical substances that are applied on spots and places where germs thrive an multiply and places where germs thrive and multiply.commonly used disinfectants are cresol, phenol, Lysol,40% formalin, lime, Bordeaux mixture, DDT etc. Precaution-all disinfectants are strong and should not come in contact with the human skin. Strong heat and boiling also destroy germs and may be called physical disinfectants.deodorants are neither antiseptics nor disinfectants.they only serve to mask a bad smell.

These are strong chemical substances that are applied on spots and places where germs thrive an multiply and places where germs thrive and multiply.commonly used disinfactants  are cresol,phenol,Lysol,40% formalin,lime,Bordeaux mixture,DDT etc. Precaution-all disinfectants are strong and should not come in contact with the human skin. Strong heat and boiling also destroy germs and may be called physical disinfectants.deodorants are neither antiseptics nor is infectants.they only serve to mask a bad smell. 

Disinfectants are chemical antimicrobial agents used to kill microbes from inanimate objects and surfaces or non-living objects e.g., phenol, cresol etc.

Antiseptics are the mild chemical and antimicrobial agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection without damaging living tissues e.g., hydrogen peroxide.

These are strong chemical substances that are applied on spots and places where germs thrive an multiply and places where germs thrive and multiply.commonly used disinfectants are cresol,phenol,Lysol,40% formalin,lime,Bordeaux mixture, DDT etc. Precaution-all disinfectants are strong and should not come in contact with the human skin. Strong heat and boiling also destroy germs and may be called physical disinfectants.deodorants are neither antiseptics nor disinfectants.they only serve to mask a bad smell.

A person applies hydrogen peroxide on his wound. This is to kill anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. The hydrogen peroxide bubbling releases oxygen. Hence, due to the released oxygen, anaerobic bacteria will be killed. However, it also affects the healthy cells of the body. This in turn slows down the process of wound healing.

Hexachlorophene is a disinfectant that was commonly used in soaps and other personal care products for its antibacterial properties.

These are mild chemical substances which, when applied on the body, kill germs. These substances are in such mild concentration that they cause no harm to the skin and body. Lysol, carbolic acid (phenol), Iodine, benzoic acid, Mercurochrome, boric acid etc in dilute solution are good antiseptics. Certain antibiotic creams also serve the same purpose.

Ozone is an effective disinfectant. It is passed through the swimming pool and is used in water treatment units because of the following reasons: