Basics of rural development - class-XI

NREP stands for the National Rural Employment Programme, which was a major government initiative in India.

IRDP stands for the Integrated Rural Development Programme, a flagship program aimed at poverty alleviation in rural India.

Rural roads are specifically designed to connect villages to each other and to the main road network.

• Under Panchayat Raj system the lowest unit is Gram Sabha.
  
• A Gram Sabha consists of members that include every adult of the village. It is generally formed in villages with the population at least exceeding 1500 people.
  
• Gram panchayats are the active units of Panchayat Raj System because it helps in levying and collecting taxes.
  
• Gram panchayats have the power to collect irrigation tax from State Tube wells and to impose a surcharge on land revenue.
  

Zilla panchayat is also called as district council. It is the third tier of Panchayat Raj system which is functional at the district level. Head of the Zilla panchayat is chairperson.

In order to decentralize power and to make the policies available to the people of even remote areas government has introduced a three-tier system of local governing bodies in the rural areas.

Bharat Nirman is a government of India project launched to build rural infrastructure, including roads, water, and electricity.

Municipality which is also called as Nagar Palika, Municipal Council or Municipal Corporation is a local self-governing body. These are found in the towns. Head of a municipality is Mayor

Leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar were not very comfortable with the idea of panchayat system because they felt that faction and caste-ridden nature of rural society would defeat the noble purpose of local government at the rural level.

• In India, seats are reserved for women in Panchayat Raj bodies which are local self-governing bodies.
  
• According to 73rd amendment, out of the total number of seats to be filled by the direct elections for local self-governing bodies, 1/3rd have to be reserved for women.
  

According to the census of India, an urban area should have following characteristics:

• A minimum population of 5,000.
  
• At least 75 percent of the working population engaged in non-agricultural occupations.
  
• A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km is required.
  

The
Indian Administrative Service is the All India administrative civil service. Indian
Administrative Services is the permanent bureaucracy in India. It forms an
inseparable part of the executive branch of the Government of India. A person
of the Indian Administrative Services is appointed to various posts in the
State and Central Governments, and in Municipal Corporation, and Public Sector
Undertakings. They are responsible for the law and order situation of the city
along with general administration and development work of the areas under their
charge.

In order to decentralise power and to make the policies available to the people of even remote areas government has introduced three tier system of local governing bodies in the rural areas.

Village panchayats are the basic units of panchayat Raj system. These village panchayats became central to the ideological framework of India's national movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.

• This committee suggested for constitutional recognition of Panchayat Raj System.
  
• The 72^nd and 73^rd constitutional amendment belong to rural area local self-government. They came to force in the year 1991.
  
• Constitutional amendment by which rural self-government was constitutionally recognized is the 72nd amendment.
  
• According to 73rd amendment out of the total number of seats to be filled by the direct elections for local self-governing bodies, 1/3rd have to be reserved for women.
  

National Institute Of Rural Development is an Indian Institute for research in rural development, located In Rajendranagar near Hyderabad.

In order to decentralize power and to make the policies available to the people of even remote areas government has introduced a three-tier system of local governing bodies in the rural areas.

The advantages of decentralization of power include:

• Reduces the burden on top executives
  
• Executive Development
  
• Better control and supervision.
  

Though decentralisation of powers through local self-governing bodies have been proved to be helpful in many ways it has following disadvantages

• Uniform policies not followed
  
• Problem of Co-Ordination
  
• Conflict among different governing bodies and also within 
  

CAPART (Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology) is headquartered in New Delhi.

The Community Development Programme was started in India just after independence (1952). It was a multi-project programme, with the aim of an overall development of rural people. This programme consisted of agriculture, animal husbandry, irrigation, cooperation, public health, education, social education, communication, village industries etc.

e-Choupal is an initiative by ITC Limited to provide farmers with information, market prices, and better access to agricultural inputs.

Bharat Nirman Yojana is a comprehensive plan focused on improving rural infrastructure, such as irrigation, roads, and housing.

Bharat Nirman focuses on physical infrastructure like water, roads, housing, and electrification; it does not directly cover rural employment, which is handled by schemes like MGNREGA.

The Mid-Day Meal Scheme (D) is implemented by the Ministry of Education (now Ministry of Education) to improve nutrition and educational outcomes for school children. The other three options (A, B, C) - National Old Age Pension, National Maternity Benefit, and National Family Benefit Schemes - are all social welfare programs under the Ministry of Rural Development.

Agricultural productivity in India is hindered by a combination of factors, including limited access to credit, fragmented land holdings, and the use of traditional, less efficient farming techniques.

Bharat Nirman is the primary government program designed to develop comprehensive rural infrastructure across India.

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) was a major social welfare program created by the Indian government to provide housing for the rural poor.

Agriculture in India has historically grown at a much lower rate, typically around 3-4% per annum, rather than 7%. The other statements regarding India's GDP ranking, BOP position, and software leadership are generally accurate descriptions of the Indian economy in the last decade.

Tembhli, a village in the Nandurbar district of Maharashtra, was the site where the first Aadhaar (UID) numbers were issued in September 2010.

Panchayati Raj institutions are intended to strengthen the indicative planning.

The Desert Development Programme (DDP) was launched by the Government of India in 1977-78 to minimize the adverse effect of drought and control desertification.

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established on July 12, 1982, based on the recommendations of the B. Sivaraman Committee.

The Dunkel Draft, named after Arthur Dunkel, the former Director-General of GATT, was the document that formed the basis for the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, eventually leading to the creation of the WTO.

The Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) was a major self-employment program launched in 1978-79 to assist small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, and rural artisans to cross the poverty line.

While the contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined over time, it historically hovered around 25% during the period this question likely refers to. Modern figures are lower, but 25% is the standard textbook answer for this context.

The Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched in 1999 by merging the IRDP and its allied programs like MWS, TRYSEM, DWCRA, SITRA, and GKY.

In order to decentralize power and to make the policies available to the people of even remote areas government has introduced a three-tier system of local governing bodies in the rural areas. These local governing bodies were initiated during the time of Lord Rippon.

• In order to decentralize power and to make the policies available to the people of even remote areas government has introduced a three-tier system of local governing bodies in the rural areas.
  
• Rural local government or Panchayat raj consists of Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti, and Gram Panchayats.
  

• The 72^nd and 73^rd constitutional amendments belong to rural area local self-government.
  
• Constitutional amendment by which rural self-government were constitutionally recognized is 72nd amendment. This amendment received president’s assent in April 1993.
  
• According to 73rd amendment out of the total number of seats to be filled by the direct elections for local self-governing bodies, 1/3rd have to be reserved for women.
  

NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation), NABARD, FCI (Food Corporation of India), and CACP (Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices) are all key organizations involved in the agricultural sector and rural economy.

• P. K. Thungon Committee was appointed during the time of Rajiv Gandhi in the year 1988.
  
• This committee suggested for constitutional recognition of Panchayat Raj System.
  

The finances required by the local governing bodies for the development of respective areas are provided by state finance commission.

Vishesh Krishi and Gram Udyog Yojana (VKGUY) was introduced to promote the export of agricultural produce and value-added products by providing duty credit scrips.

The concept of PURA (Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas) was proposed by former President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam as a strategy for rural development.

• An urban area is also called as a city which has, most of the population with non-agricultural occupations.
  
• According to the data provided by the census of 2011, the percentage of Indian population living in urban areas is 31%.
  

The amendment, related to Nagarpalikas or urban
local governments is 74th amendment. This came into force from 1st June
1993. It has given constitutional status to the municipalities and brought them
under the justifiable part of the constitution.

Following are the objectives of providing financial aid to the Panchayats:

• Drinking water supply, cleaning and maintenance facilities.
  
• Maintenance of public lamp posts, roads, drainage system, cleanliness programmes, primary schools and maintenance of other public assets.
  
• Construction of Gramin Kisan Bazaar and Livestock Markets.
  

• Powers, responsibilities, and authority of panchayats are detailed in the article 243G of Indian constitution.
  
• This article endows powers on panchayat raj bodies to prepare and implement the plans for social and economic development.