Communalism and Minority Rights - Class IX

India is a nation which has a different language, religion, culture, and customs. This makes India a diverse country. Sometimes diversity is not celebrated because we feel safe and secure with people who look, talk, dress and think like us.

There is only one article pertaining to the Minorities in the Constitution of India. Article 30 of the Constitution provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The Constitution thus envisages that minorities can be based on religion or language. Minorities are identified on the basis of percentage of the population of the Group to the total population

Article 30 refers to only minority communities because it states that the government shall not discriminate against any educational institution run by religious or linguistic minority.   

The minority communities in india under the national comminion for minorites act 1992 are muslims, christains,sikhs,busddhist and parsis.

Article 30 refers to the minority community only and it comes under the part iii of he Indian constitution.

Articles 29 grants protection to both religions minorities as well as linguistic minorities  

Minorities in the Indian context means minority religions - Muslims, Christians, Jains, Sikhs etc. SC, ST, OBC are not in minority. They are not minority castes, they predominantly belong to Hinduism and are Hindus.

National commission of minority affairs consist of towing members which are:-
1) A chair person
2) A vice-precedent
3) 5 members

• Secularist is a person who follows the ideology of secularism.
• Secularism is nothing but treating all religions equally.
• Articles of Indian Constitution related to secularism are 25, 26, 27 and 28.

• India was partitioned into two dominions on the basis of religion.
• India comprised the Hindu majority whereas Pakistan comprised a Muslim majority.

The NHRC has been established under the protection of human rights act 1993.The NCM national communion for minorities act 1992

Communalism is a ideology where people are allegiant to their faith, religion or group and act in its interest rather than nation's. Communalism furthers self interest and community's interest and causes clash of one group with another having difference of interest. This is cashed by political parties working for their own political gains thereby dividing people.

Communalism is an ideology when people show loyalty and allegiance towards one's own ethnic group rather than nation as a whole. People becomes hostile to other groups' or communites' interest and that create strife and tension among the different ethnic, religious or linguistic groups. The communalism is used as a tool by the political parties to further their interests. Thus, Communalism is a hindrance for prosperity and development of a nation.

Communalism is a political ideology that uses religious identity to mobilize groups and often creates divisions between different religious communities.

Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country.  That is why the makers of our Constitution chose the model of a secular state. 

The Indian caste is a complex social order which divides society into a group based on the occupations of a person. The caste is determined by birth, this caste system led to the ill-treatment and discrimination done among the lower and the upper caste people. But with the advancement in the society has helped in eliminating the caste hierarchy. The economic development, urbanization, occupational mobility and growth of literacy all these factors have led to the breaking down of caste hierarchy.

• Communal politics is based on the belief that:
  

• Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
  
• People of different religions have different interests that may involve conflict of interest when faced with one another.
  

Communalism is a dangerous ideology that promotes the false belief that one group, particularly one religious group, has more differences than similarities with outside groups. It promotes enmity among the groups and may lead to communal violence. Ths eventually hampers the growth and development of a nation as the unity among the citizens are affected.

• Communalism refers to a government or system where communes act as independent states. The nation that the states form is a federation of those states.
  
• Communal often refers to groups or people that focus on the benefits of their community, rather than society as a whole. Communes, for instance, will often provide food and resources only to those people who are part of the group. On the other hand, a democracy provides support and resources to all people.
  
• Even in today's society, communes still exist. While they are difficult to come by compared to in the past, they are appealing because people feel like they make a bigger impact on the community.
  

Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes minorities on the basis of religion or language. Article 30 mandates that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

This happens when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest. This manner of using religion in politics is communal politics. 

C. Natesa Mudaliar (1875–1937), also known as Natesan, was a politician and activist of the Dravidian Movement from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The Madras Dravidian Association conducted a hostel called "Dravidian Home" for the benefit of Non-Brahmin students. Natesan was the caretaker of this hostel.

• Communal riots/massacre is the most dangerous and ugly manifestation of communalism.
• Communalism is the social organization based on communal lines.
• Being very loyal to one's beliefs or ideology.
• Communalism creates tussle between the different sects of the society because of the differences in beliefs. Communal riot is one such issue.

Sarv Dharma Sumbhav is a concept which implies that all religions (Dharmas) point to one destination though the paths may be different. It embodies the idea of sustenance and co-existence of all religions and their followers through harmony. The concept was embraced by Swami Vivekananda but is largely attributed to Mahatma Gandhi who preached it among masses to bring unity among Hindus and Muslims to fight together against British Raj. It is the very base of the feature of Secularism in the Constitution.

The National Communion for minorities set by the union government under the national communion for nminorites act1992  

NCM (National commission of minorities) works under the ministry affairs.

The president of national minority commion  is syed ghayrol hasan rizvi.

The nation communion for minority ct wasted by the union government in 1992.

The sixth schedule of the Indian constitution deals with the administration of tribal areas in the four northeastern states of Assam, meghalaya. Tripura and mizoram.

The full form of NCM is national commission for minorities.