Ecosystem services - class-XII

• The ecosystem services include 
• provisioning services such as food and water;
• regulating services such as regulation of floods, drought, land degradation, and disease; 
• supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient cycling;
• and cultural services such as recreational, spiritual, religious and other non-material benefits.
  

Ecologists believe that the communities with more species tend to be more stable than those with less species.

Keystone species are those species which have significant and disproportionately large influence on the community structure and characteristic. It has often considered low abundance and biomass as compared to dominant species.

According to the mechanism of resource partitioning (supported by Mac Arthur), if two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition by choosing, for instance, different times for feeding or different foraging patterns. Two species evolve to become different too reduce competition, so that species can co-exist. 

The correct answer is 'all of the above'

Detritus is defined as dead and decaying organic matter that includes fallen leaves, dead plant parts and animals. It is the primary source of energy in the detritus food chain in which the microbes such as protozoans, bacteria and fungi help in the breaking down of the complex organic matter. They are called decomposers. Detritus food chain hence helps in soil replenishment by adding nutrients to the soil. They convert organic matter into carbon dioxide and nutrients. Thus the correct answer is option B.

Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect benefits that humans derive from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services that have economic and aesthetic value.

Any ecosystem has two components -biotic or living organisms and abiotic or non-living component. 

Ecosystem services refer to the various benefits that humans freely gain from the natural environment and from properly functioning ecosystems, such as water purification and pollination.

The ocean is considered the most stable ecosystem because it has a high heat capacity, vast volume, and relatively constant chemical and physical conditions compared to terrestrial ecosystems like forests or deserts.

Energy flow in an ecosystem is unidirectional, moving from producers to consumers and decomposers, which is a fundamental characteristic of biological systems.

Urban industrial ecosystems are often referred to as fuel-powered ecosystems because they rely heavily on external energy sources (fossil fuels) rather than just solar energy to maintain their structure and function.

An ecosystem is a dynamic entity that changes over time (succession) and space (distribution of organisms), making it the correct answer in the context of ecological dynamics.

• The carbon cycle is the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment, involving the incorporation of carbon dioxide into living tissue by photosynthesis and its return to the atmosphere through respiration, the decay of dead organisms, and the burning of fossil fuels.
• Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone.
  

The plants can fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere which is taken in through stomata. The carbon dioxide is converted in the presence of light and chlorophyll pigments to synthesize carbon containing organic compounds such as sugar, fats and proteins. This creates the plant biomass which when eaten by other organisms recycles the carbon from on level to other. Finally the carbon enters the geosphere and then the atmosphere. The oxygen which is formed during photosynthesis is liberated in the atmosphere and used for cellular respiration. The oxygen is used to break down the molecules and release the carbon dioxide. The carbon gets recycled in the environment from plants to animals and then again enters the environment. 

Answer is option A i.e. "Low stability and high resilience"
Stability is the power of a system to be in their state against unfavorable factor. Resilience is the capability of regaining its original shape or position after being deformed. An ecosystem which can be easily damaged but can recover after sometime when it 's damaging effect stops will be having low stability and high resilience. Hence, it has low stability and high resilience.

During summer the land becomes dry and rainfall induces formation of grass and hence heavy rainfall during summer produces grasslands.

Plants take nitrogen from the soil by absorption through their roots as nitrate ions and ammonium ions.Nitrite is intermediate and gets converted to either forms by symbiotic or non-symbiotic bacteria present in plant roots and soil respectively.  Most nitrogen obtained by terrestrial animals can be traced back to the eating of plants at some stage of the food chain.

It is wrong that the forest do not conserve soil. Actually forest prevent soil erosion by covering the soil by the canopy of the plants and reduces the impact of rain water and wind on the top layer of soil. The roots hold the soil and also prevent soil erosion.

Ecosystem services encompass a wide range of benefits provided by nature, including carbon fixation (climate regulation), pollination (supporting food production), and water purification/retention.

The functional aspects of an ecosystem include the regulation of populations, flow of energy, biogeochemical cycles, and the flow of nutrients. It also includes ecological succession, food chain, ecological pyramid, food web. Populations are regulated in an ecosystem through these food chains.

Ecosystem is made up of living and nonliving things. Living things include plants and animals. Nonliving things includes air, water, land.  It is composed of organisms interacting within communities. The importance of ecosystem lies in both cycling of minerals and flow of energy. It does not alter normally because it is in a state of homeostasis. There is always balance of organisms in an ecosystem within themselves and with changing environment.

An ecosystem is made up of living and nonliving things. Living things include plants, animals. Nonliving things include air, water. It creates food chains and food web. A food chain is series of plants/animals which are interrelated in the form of organism being eaten as food by the other. plants are producers. The animals eating plants are called as primary consumers and animals eating primary consumers are called as secondary consumers. Decomposers are those which decomposes the waster organic matter. Food web is various interlinked food chains in a community.

Ecosystem is made up of living and nonliving things. Living things include plants and animals. Nonliving things includes air, water, land.  It is composed of organisms interacting within communities. The importance of ecosystem lies in both cycling of minerals and flow of energy. It contributes to the cycling of minerals and flow of energy.

Robert Constanza gave price tags to ecosystem services. According to him, soil formation accounts for 50% of the ecosystem service. It is the most important ecosystem service. The other ecosystem services include purify water and air, mitigate droughts and floods, nutrient cycling, habitat for wild life.

The benefits which we obtain from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, natural hazard regulation, water purification, and waste management, pollination or pest control are known as Ecosystem services. Agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and aquatic ecosystems are included under these ecosystems. These are also known as regulating services. Examples include Climate regulation, Waste treatment, and disease regulation. 

• Trees control atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration because they take up carbon dioxide and perform photosynthesis through which they release oxygen in the atmosphere. Hence, quality of air is maintained by ecosystems.
• The roots of plants held the soil particles tightly which prevent soil erosion.
• Plants filter out pollutants from water and air by trapping pollutants. They absorb pollutants from air and water in their tissues. 

An ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment, interacting as a system.

Solar energy is the primary source of energy for almost all ecosystems, driving photosynthesis, which is the foundation of the food chain.

The Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ) was established to protect the Taj Mahal and surrounding monuments from air pollution caused by nearby industries.

The aquatic ecosystem is the interaction of biotic component and abiotic component in the water body. It serves important environmental services such as recycling of nutrients, water purification, attenuate floods, recharge groundwater and provides shelter to wildlife. Aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation, and are very important to the tourism industry, especially in coastal regions. 

A Freshwater ecosystem is one of  the aquatic ecosystems of the earth and includes lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands. This ecosystem is essential as it not only provides human beings their drinking water, but these are also home to more than 40 percent of the world's fish species. The seasonal changes occur in the freshwater ecosystem with regards to temperature-density relationship and since it contains continuous running water so materials are recycled more quickly than in ocean ecosystems.

Robert Constanga et al have tried to put price tags on natures life support services. He gave price tags to the ecosystem services. Out of these services, 50% accounts for the soil formation. The ecosystem services he put price on includes purify water and air, mitigate droughts and floods, nutrient cycling, habitat for wild life.