Agricultural reforms - class-X

India has the largest cattle inventory in the world in 2018 followed by Brazil & China. Roughly 63% of the world's cattle are in India, Brazil & China. (The cattle inventory in India includes water buffalo). More than 90% of the world's cattle are NOT in the United States.

In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, intense cultivation is responsible for land degradation due to waterlogging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. 

It was implemented because, at independence, about 75% of the country’s population was dependent on agriculture. But the productivity in the agricultural sector was very low because of the use of old technology and the absence of required infrastructure for the vast majority of farmers.

Green Revolution was introduced to increase the foodgrain yield in India. Some 18,000 tonnes of( HYV) wheat seeds and a large amount of fertilisers were imported.

• Traditionally cow dung has been used as a fertilizer.
  
• Cow dung is high in organic materials and rich in nutrients.
  
• Cow dung powder can be used more directly to fertilize individual plants.
  
• Apart from using it as a fertilizer it can also be used in the production of biogas.
  

India produces about 13 percent of the worlds vegetables.

The farmers in these regions set up tubewells for irrigation, and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming. Some of them bought farm machinery like tractors and threshers, which made ploughing and harvesting faster. They were rewarded with high yields of wheat. 

Use of HYV seeds and use of chemical fertilisers are modern farming method. The Green Revolution in the late 1960s
introduced the Indian farmer to
cultivation of wheat and rice using high
yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds.
Compared to the traditional seeds, the
HYV seeds promised to produce much
greater amounts of grain on a single plant. The other
way is to use modern farming methods pesticides to produce best results. Higher
yields were possible only from a
combination of HYV seeds, irrigation,
chemical fertilisers, pesticides etc. 

The dramatic transformation in agriculture practices that involves the use of new methods of cultivation and inputs refers to as Green Revolution in India. The green revolution consists of technological improvements which were mainly adopted to increase agriculture productivity.

The progress in the agricultural field is termed as green revolution. It was brought by Norman Borlaug. He was termed as the father of green revolution. He received noble prize in 1970. The first green revolution in India was started at Punjab.

The Green Revolution in India refers to a period when agriculture in India improved due to the adoption of novel methods and technology in agriculture. The key leadership role played by the Indian agricultural scientist M. S. Swaminathan together with many others, earned him the popularly used title 'Father of Green Revolution of India'. The Green Revolution allowed developing countries, like India, to overcome poor agricultural productivity. Within India, this started in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase. The main development was higher-yielding varieties of wheat, for developing rust resistant strains of wheat. The introduction of high-yielding varieties(HYV) of seeds and the increased quality of fertilizers and irrigation technique led to the increase in production to make the country self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India

Floriculture or flower farming is the study of growing and marketing flowers and foliage plants. Floriculture includes cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for direct sale or for use as raw materials in cosmetic and perfume industry and in the pharmaceutical sector. It also includes production of planting materials through seeds, cuttings, budding and grafting. In simpler terms floriculture can be defined as the art and knowledge of growing flowers to perfection. The persons associated with this field are called floriculturists.

Wheat.

The Green Revolution in India was initiated during the mid-1960s, which falls within the period of the Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-1974) when high-yielding variety seeds were widely introduced.

Tubewells.

Cut flowers are the flowers cut along with leaf and a bit of stem usually for decorative purposes. These are mostly flower buds. Highest area under production of cut flowers is seen in West Bengal.

The word horticulture is derived from the Latin word. The meaning for the word hortus is ‘Garden’. This branch of agriculture deals with the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants.

Branch of horticulture that deals with growing, marketing flowers and ornamental plants as well as flower arrangement is called floriculture. It is also called as flower farming. Development of new varieties of flowers is the main occupation of floriculturists. 

Horticulture has been defined as the culture of plants, mainly for food, materials, comfort and beauty. According to an American horticulture scholar, "Horticulture is the growing of flowers, fruits and vegetables, and of plants for ornament and fancy." A more precise definition can be given as "The cultivation, processing, and sale of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and ornamental plants as well as many additional services". It also includes plant conservation, landscape restoration, soil management, landscape and garden design, construction and maintenance, and arboriculture. In contrast to agriculture, horticulture does not include large-scale crop production or animal husbandry.

Production of flowers of different varieties by plant breeding technique is one of the main functions of floriculture. Highest area under production of fresh flowers is seen in Karnataka. About 29,700 hectares of land in Karnataka is under floriculture cultivation. 

Desh Bhagat School of Horticulture Sciences a prestigious institution to promote research in horticultural studies is located in Amloh, Fatehgarh Sahib District of Punjab. It is established in the year 2012 which has four campuses located at Amloh, Shri Muktsar Sahib, Moga and Chandigarh and an international campus at Kenya.

Belgium

Branch of science which deals with study of, and the selection, plant, care, and removal of, individual trees, shrubs, vines, and other perennial woody plants is called Arboriculture. This branch of science deals with, how the plants grow and respond to cultural practices and their environment. 

Among the given statements both are true. Ornamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes and their growth and culture is included under floriculture. It deals with growing, marketing flowers and ornamental plants as well as flower arrangement.

A structure with walls and roof generally made of transparent material generally used to grow plants under controlled climatic conditions is called greenhouse. It possess all the desirable qualities like ventilation, heating, carbon dioxide enrichment etc. Material used can be of glass or plastic. 

Cut flowers are the flowers cut along with leaf and a bit of stem usually for decorative purposes. These are mostly flower buds. The important floricultural crops in the international cut flower trade are rose, tulip, carnation, orchids, archilea, anthuriu, chrysanthemum, lilies etc.

A significant increase in the production of horticultural products is called Golden revolution. In India period between 1991 and 2003 is termed as the period of Golden Revolution.      

Among the given options all are true because green revolution is the increase in production using high yielding varieties seeds, white revolution is the development of milk production and blue revolution is to increase the production of fish. But the statement which says that golden revolution is increase in potato production is not true because golden revolution is the improvement in horticulture.

The oldest horticultural society of the world is Ancient Society of York Florists. It was founded in the year 1768. They conduct about four horticultural shows every year in York of United Kingdom.

A significant increase in the production of horticultural products is called Golden revolution. In India period between 1991 and 2003 is termed as the period of Golden Revolution.      

APEDA which stands for Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority is responsible for export promotion and development of floriculture in India. 

It also has following functions: development of industries relating to the scheduled products for export, registration of persons as exporters of the scheduled products, improving packaging and marketing etc.

APEDA stands for Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. It was established by the Government of India under the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority Act passed by the Parliament in December 1985. 

It has the following functions: development of industries relating to the scheduled products for export, registration of persons as exporters of the scheduled products, improving packaging and marketing, etc.

The soil has become more acidic and the soil acidity can be decreased by adding slaked lime

The branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants is called horticulture. This branch of agriculture is the source of subsistence or survival for the people of Central Africa and the Amazon Basin of South America in which people have horticulture has their major occupation.

Nitrogenous fertilizers take the foremost place among fertilizers since the deficiency of nitrogen in the soil is the foremost and crops respond to nitrogen better than to other nutrients. More than 80 per cent of the fertilizers used in this country are made up of nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly area.

Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Cauvery, Narmada, Godavari and Krishna are extensive areas of Inland fisheries. Inland fisheries are any activity conducted to extract fish and other aquatic organisms from inland water.

The Green Revolution first started in Mexico and in 1964, the Government of India took up this concept to increase the foodgrain yield in India. Some 18,000 tonnes of High Yielding Varieties of wheat seeds and plenty of fertilisers were imported.