Malnutrition - class-X

Malnourished is the condition caused by the eating of essential nutrients in a lesser amount. I can be deficiency disorder like kwashiorkor in the protein deficiency disorder.

Marasmus is caused by protein-energy-malnutrition (PEM) or deficiency of protein. The common symptoms are impaired physical growth, sub-cutaneous fat disappears, ribs become very prominent, limbs become thin and skin becomes dry, thin and wrinkled and  loss of weight occurs. The cure is diet with adequate proteins and proper caloric value.

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition caused by a deficiency of both protein and calories (overall food intake).

• There are two types of malnutrition diseases. 
• Kwashiorkor is the disease that is due to the deficiency of protein in the diet. 
• The other type of malnutrition disease is the marasmus, which is due to the deficiency of protein and energy. 
• When there are low calorie and protein intake in the diet, results in marasmus. 
• Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Kwashiorkor is a protein-deficiency disease characterized by edema (swelling), diarrhea, and skin changes, often occurring in children after weaning.

Kwashiorkor is primarily caused by a severe deficiency of protein or essential amino acids in the diet, despite an adequate caloric intake from carbohydrates.

If one is suffering from scurvy, then he need to add vitamin C (like citrus fruits) in his diet.
If a person is not able to see in the dark, he has night blindness and he need to add vitamin A in his diet.
If a person is suffering from vitamin D deficiency, then he need to add fatty fish and fish liver oils in his diet.
Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. So, he should  protein-rich diet which includes meat, eggs, milk.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Marasmus is caused by a deficiency of both proteins and carbohydrates, leading to a severe lack of total caloric intake.

A key clinical difference is that Kwashiorkor presents with edema (swelling), whereas Marasmus does not.

Marasmus is one of the three forms of serious protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). The other two forms are kwashiorkor (KW) and marasmic KW. Marasmus is a condition primarily caused by a deficiency in calories and energy, whereas kwashiorkor indicates an associated protein deficiency, resulting in an edematous appearance. 

Marasmus is characterized by a severe deficiency of both proteins and calories, typically occurring in infants under one year old when breast milk is replaced by inadequate food sources. Kwashiorkor is primarily a protein deficiency occurring in older children.

Kwashiorkor is caused by severe protein deficiency. Albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for maintaining oncotic pressure; its reduced synthesis leads to fluid leakage into tissues, causing edema.

Protein-energy malnutrition is also called marasmus which is mainly observed in infants and children of age around 5 years old. The skin of the child becomes dry, thin and wrinkled, a deficiency also impairs growth and replacement of tissue, the body becomes thin and mental retardation is observed.

• Marasmus is a disorder that occurs due to the deficiency of protein as well as calories mean prolonged starvation leads to it. Usually occurs in children age 0 to 5 and the child becomes very thin, becomes dehydrated, shrinks the stomach, etc.

Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition caused by a general deficiency of both protein and total calories (energy).

• Kwashiorkor, also known as “edematous malnutrition” because of its association with edema (fluid retention), is a nutritional disorder most often seen in regions experiencing famine. It is a form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein in the diet. People who have kwashiorkor typically have an extremely emaciated appearance in all body parts except their ankles, feet, and belly, which swell with fluid. Kwashiorkor is most common in countries where there is a limited supply or lack of food. It is mostly found in children and infants in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America. Its symptoms include (1) change in skin and hair colour (to a rust colour) and texture (2) edema (swelling) of the ankles, feet, and belly.

• Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition that results when a person does not consume enough protein and calories. Without these vital nutrients, energy levels become dangerously low and vital functions begin to stop. Both adults and children can have marasmus, but it most often affects young children in developing countries. Over time, a person with marasmus will lose body tissue and fat in their face. Similarly, their bones become visible under their skin, and folds of skin develop from the loss of body mass. Their eyes may appear sunken.

Pulses are a primary source of protein. A diet high in bread and butter (carbohydrates and fats) but lacking in pulses (protein) leads to protein-energy malnutrition, specifically Kwashiorkor.

• Marasmus is a form of malnutrition.
•  Marasmus is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition that results when a person does not consume enough protein and calories. Without these vital nutrients, energy levels become dangerously low and vital functions begin to stop. 
• A child with marasmus may not grow as children usually do. Hence, Marasmus disease is caused due to Protein deficiency.

Vitamin A is essential for the production of rhodopsin in the retina. Deficiency leads to difficulty seeing in low light, known as night blindness.

Pellagra is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B3 (niacin/nicotinamide). Symptoms include the 'three Ds': dermatitis (pigmented skin), diarrhea, and dementia.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is known as the antiscorbutic vitamin because it prevents scurvy.

Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Beri-beri is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), not Vitamin K.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for collagen synthesis. Its deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums and poor wound healing.

Scurvy is a classic deficiency disease caused by a lack of Vitamin C. Leukemia, Addison's disease, and Acromegaly are not caused by simple dietary vitamin or mineral deficiencies.

Rickets is a childhood bone disorder caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption.

Bleeding gums and scurvy are hallmark signs of Vitamin C deficiency.

Yellow fruits, carrots, and butter are rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts to Vitamin A. A deficiency in Vitamin A leads to night blindness.

Kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency, and Beri-beri is caused by Vitamin B1 deficiency. Both are classified as deficiency diseases.

Meat, eggs, and milk are rich in protein and B vitamins, but they contain little to no Vitamin C. A diet consisting only of these foods will eventually lead to scurvy.

Keratomalacia is a severe eye condition resulting from advanced Vitamin A deficiency, where the cornea becomes soft and opaque.

Golden rice is a genetically modified variety of rice engineered to produce beta-carotene, which the body converts to Vitamin A, helping to prevent blindness in areas where rice is a staple food.

Rickets: This condition is due to a lack of vitamin D, which causes the body to be unable to absorb or deposit calcium.

Hence, Option D is correct.

Hypochromic (pale) and microcytic (small) anemia is typically caused by iron deficiency. Macrocytic anemia is usually caused by Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Given the options, iron deficiency is the most common cause of hypochromic anemia.

Pernicious anaemia marked by a decrease in the number of red blood cells which is caused by a reduced ability to absorb vitamin $B _{12}$.

Iodine is a critical component of thyroid hormones. A deficiency in iodine prevents the thyroid from producing enough hormone, leading to its enlargement, known as a goiter.

Anaemia is most commonly caused by a deficiency of iron (Fe), which is essential for the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells. While other minerals are important for health, iron deficiency is the primary nutritional cause of anaemia.

Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is most commonly caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Iodine is a critical component required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Pernicious anaemia is a type of macrocytic anaemia caused by the inability to absorb vitamin B12, often due to a lack of intrinsic factor. It is considered particularly harmful because it can lead to severe neurological complications if left untreated.

Goitre is primarily caused by iodine deficiency, which is a mineral, not a vitamin. Keratomalacia and xerophthalmia are caused by vitamin A deficiency, and Addison's disease can be associated with various causes, but goitre is the classic example of a mineral-deficiency disease in this list.

1. Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.
2.  If an individual is not provided with enough nutrients, they are called undernutrition or undernourishment while too much is called overnutrition.
3.  If undernutrition occurs during pregnancy, or before two years of age, it may result in permanent problems with physical and mental development.
4. Symptoms that include: a short height, thin body, very poor energy levels, and swollen legs and abdomen. Hence, malnutrition has a tremendous effect on the health of an individual, especially in children.
   

Iron is an important requirement for the biosynthesis of hemoglobin in human body. Hence, iron deficiency will lead to deficiency of hemoglobin, i.e., reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood called as anemia. Hypochromic anemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal. It is important to note that iron is not readily absorbed in the body. Vitamin C enhances iron absorption in body. Hence, iron rich food like non vegetarian diet is usually served with salad sprinkled with lemon juice.