Pollution, types and its effects - class-IX

Expansion of agriculture often involves deforestation and land clearing, which contributes to air pollution rather than containing it.

While carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it is often classified as a pollutant in the context of global warming and air quality management when emitted in excess.

Air pollutants are classified by their origin into primary pollutants (emitted directly) and secondary pollutants (formed in the atmosphere).

Automobiles, industries, burning garbage, and brick kilns are all significant man-made sources of air pollution.

Smog is a type of air pollution that is a mixture of smoke and fog.

Bus,car and airplane run on fuels derived from petroleum and when they burn to generate power to drive vehicles they produce poisonous gases which cause air pollution 

<p>The dramatic melting

of the world’s mountain glaciers – from the Alps to the Himalayas
– is mostly the result of man-made global warming rather than
natural variability in the climate, a study has found.An assessment
of about 200,000 glaciers in the world, some of which have been
monitored since the mid 19th century, has found that about two thirds
of the current rate of glacial melting is due to human influences on
the climate

The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which is a direct consequence of air pollution. Other forms of pollution like noise or water do not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Air pollution can lead to immediate health issues, such as respiratory irritation or coughing, which are short term effects. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic diseases like asthma, cancer, or heart disease, which are long term effects.

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, which occurred in 1984, was caused by the accidental release of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant.

Global warming is an environmental phenomenon where the Earth's average temperature rises due to the trapping of heat by greenhouse gases. While it affects the Earth and human health, the primary damage is to the global environment.

Air pollution, especially particulates and greenhouse gases, affects temperature patterns. Urban areas with high pollution show greater warming trends, particularly noticeable at night and in winter due to the urban heat island effect and pollution trapping heat. This is an environmental effect of air pollution.

Natural gas is a versatile, clean-burning, and efficient fuel that is used in a wide variety of applications. It can be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) to fuel cars and trucks.  Natural gas as a vehicle fuel is much cheaper and environmentally cleaner than petroleum products.

LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is basically used in households as a fuel for cooking.

Kanpur is historically known for its high levels of air pollution due to its dense concentration of leather and textile factories, which emit significant amounts of smoke and dust.

Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source into the atmosphere, such as carbon monoxide from car exhausts. Secondary pollutants are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions between primary pollutants.

Air pollutants are generally classified based on their physical state into two types: gaseous pollutants (like CO2, SO2) and particulate matter (like dust, smoke, mist).

Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels, such as gasoline, wood, and coal, which are common in motor vehicles and waste disposal.

SPM stands for Suspended Particulate Matter, which refers to tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air.

Wastewater effluent treatment is important way to control pollutants reaching in water bodies.

• Dissolved oxygen is the amount of free oxygen present in water which is not bound to any other element.
  
• If there is an increase in pollution rates dissolved oxygen rate drops drastically affecting aquatic life.
  

Acid rains: when the concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur increases in the air, rain water gets mixed up with these oxides to form acid rains.

Among the given options all are apt for the effects of acid rain except that it causes damage to the septic system.

It cannot cause damage to the septic system because most of the septic systems are underground and polluting such system with acids do not cause any adverse reaction to the environment.

Accelerated chemical weathering of building materials, damage to forests and crops, damage to aquatic organisms are the immediate effects of acid rains

Eutrophication is the enrichment of water bodies with nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth and subsequent oxygen depletion as the plants decay.

DDT is a classic example of a persistent organic pollutant that accumulates in fatty tissues and increases in concentration up the food chain.

A virus is a simple submicroscopic parasite of plants, animals, and bacteria in well water that can cause disease. It consists essentially of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are not living organisms and are unable to replicate without a host cell. Some viral infections often associated with drinking or bathing in contaminated water include:

Gastroeneritus – Causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain.

Cryptosporidiosis – Causes flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, weight loss, bloating, and nausea.

Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water, making it unsuitable for designated best use in its natural state.  

World Health Organization (WHO) has defined water pollution as inclusion of any foreign material either from natural or other sources into a water body, thereby changing the natural qualities of water and making it unusable for its intended purpose.

Biomagnification refers to the increase in concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, as it moves up the trophic levels of a food chain.

Fluoride in drinking water at low concentrations helps prevent tooth decay, but excessive levels can lead to fluorosis, which affects bones and teeth.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic chemicals that resist degradation and can travel long distances, often contaminating groundwater and soil.

Malaria is a vector-borne disease transmitted by mosquitoes, not by drinking contaminated water, unlike cholera, jaundice, and diarrhoea.

Industrial pollution contaminates many sources of drinking water, releases unwanted toxins into the air and reduces the quality of soil all over the world. Major environmental disasters have been caused due to industrial mishaps, which have yet to be brought under control. From the given options, electronics industry does not spread water pollution.

Municipal waste refers to the waste generated by households and businesses in a community, which includes a mix of organic and inorganic materials.

The Ganga Action Plan was initiated by the Government of India in 1986 to reduce the pollution load on the river Ganga.

Biomagnification is specifically defined as the increase in concentration of toxic substances as they pass through successive trophic levels in a food chain.

While many microorganisms are harmless, pathogenic microorganisms are the specific agents that cause diseases in humans when present in water.

Radioactive pollution primarily impacts health, contributing to the rise of illnesses such as lung cancer, skin cancer and thyroid cancer, along with birth defects and cognitive disabilities. The type and severity of effects from radioactive pollution vary, depending on the quantity of pollution and amount of exposure. Long-term exposure might cause an increase in the number of genetic birth defects and mutations in a population, while acute exposure poses health risks, such as higher incidences of cancer within a population.

The type and severity of effects from radioactive pollution vary, depending on the quantity of pollution and amount of exposure. Long-term exposure might cause an increase in the number of genetic birth defects and mutations in a population, while acute exposure poses health risks, such as higher incidences of cancer within a population.

Spent fuel rods are highly radioactive and are classified as high-level radioactive waste, unlike contaminated clothing or equipment which are low-level.

Hill stations are preferred for T.B. patients because the air is cleaner and free from the pollutants found in urban areas, which helps in respiratory recovery.

Noise is unwanted sound. A sound which has unpleasant effects and discomfort to ears is called as noise. Generally sound generated by vehicles, horns, loudspeakers, planes, construction etc. are reasons of noise pollution.

The effect caused by industries, railways, explosions, and commotion in the cities, aircraft, etc., can be felt on animals and birds. Noise emissions caused by supersonic aircraft, railway noise emissions etc may cause miscarriage in mammals, fishes, and birds.

Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.

Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one's quality of life.

Noise pollution is known to have various adverse effects on human health, including stress, sleep disturbance, and other mental or physiological issues.

Noise pollution refers to excessive or harmful levels of sound that can damage the auditory system. Prolonged exposure to high-intensity noise is a primary cause of hearing loss or deafness.

Noise can be defined as an unpleasant and unwanted sound. Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects.

Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one's quality of life