Solid waste management - class-X

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials at very high temperatures, typically above 1000 degrees Celsius.

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". 

When garbage such as leftover food, plant and animals waste is collected in heaps, decomposers such as bacteria, insects such as earthworms and fungi act on it and break it down. This product which is formed by this action of decomposers is called compost. This process is called composting and the compost can be used to increase the plant yield. Thus the correct answer is option C.

Based on standard environmental science textbooks often used in this curriculum, the estimated daily solid waste production in US urban areas is cited as 7 lac tons.

Vermi-composting uses earthworms to break down organic waste into nutrient-rich compost, which serves as a natural method for producing manure.

Bacterial corrosion, specifically through the action of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, is a primary cause of concrete degradation in sewer systems.

Fumes are fine solid particles formed by the condensation of vapors from solid materials, typically during high-temperature processes like smelting or welding.

In waste management, the combustion of solid waste for energy or volume reduction is typically conducted within a specialized unit known as a pyrolysis reactor or incinerator chamber.

An incinerator is a furnace or apparatus designed to burn waste materials, specifically solid waste, at high temperatures to reduce its volume and toxicity.

Open windrow composting (also called open window composting) takes approximately 4 to 6 weeks to produce mature compost. This method involves piling organic matter in long rows (windrows) that are periodically turned to aerate the pile, accelerating decomposition. Mechanical composting is faster, while trenching takes longer.

There are generally three main methods recognized in composting: manual composting, mechanical composting, and vermicomposting.

Mechanical composting requires less land area compared to other methods because it uses enclosed systems with forced aeration and temperature control, allowing faster decomposition in smaller spaces. Open windrow requires large land areas for rows, and manual methods need space for turning and managing piles.

Incineration involves burning waste at very high temperatures, which effectively destroys pathogens, bacteria, and insects that might be present in the waste.

Dust, smoke, fly ash, and fumes are all examples of solid particulate matter suspended in the air.

Incineration reduces waste to its inorganic components, resulting in ash as the primary solid residue.

In composting organic material, food wastes, kitchen waste, waste from kitchen etc are segregated from the household waste. These are then allowed to decompose and produce compost. 

Compost  is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Compost is rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. In ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover.

Vermiculture is another way of preparation of manure from kitchen and food wastes. In this process worms and other similar organism are added to the waste which help in making compost. 

The term usually relates to all kinds of waste, whether generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, or other human activities, including municipal (residential, institutional, commercial), agricultural, and special (health care, household hazardous wastes, sewage sludge). Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on health, the environment or aesthetics. 

Water pollution is a major threat to the environment. The release of industrial pollutants contributes to water pollution. The recycling and the reusing of the wastes and by treating and neutralising harmful chemicals in the wastes can reduce the pollution.

Waste generated from industries is called as industrial waste. Most of the industrial waste is recycled. This helps in proper management of waste.

Soil fertility can be improved by used fertilizers. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers decreases the soil fertility. Fertilizers like organic manure, vermicompost etc. helps in increasing the soil fertility.

Hydroponics is the method of growing plants without soil. The gravel or sand is used in soilless culture system to provide plant support and retain mineral nutrient and water. 
Thus, the correct answer is option (A). 

The most convenient reusable wastes are old newspapers because you can get them anywhere and they are not a hazard to the environment. So, the correct answer is "Old newspapers".

Cement manufacturing mainly solid waste include clinker production and spoil rocks, which are removed from the raw materials during the raw meal preparation. Kiln dust and fly ash from power plant also included in solid waste. Another waste is generated from plant maintenance like used oil and metal scrap. So, the correct answer is "True".

The old, dilapidated mobile phone you replaced with a snazzy, up-to-date version was disposed of properly at the company’s collection centre. You think it has been discarded in an environmentally friendly way. But often that does not happen. Worse, it can contribute to the losses the country makes on account of electronic waste, or e-waste.
Mobile phones have precious metals such as gold, silver and palladium; special metals such as cobalt, indium and antimony; and metals such as copper and tin. So, the correct answer is "True".

When garbage such as leftover food, fruit and vegetable peels, paper and animals waste is collected in heaps, decomposers such as bacteria, insects such as earthworms and fungi act on it and break it down as these components are organic in nature. This product which is formed by this action of decomposers is called compost. This process is called composting and the compost can be used to increase the plant yield. Thus the correct answer is option A.

Reducing solid waste involves the '3Rs' (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). Reusing plastic bags, boxes, and containers are all effective ways to minimize the amount of waste generated.

Mechanical composting devices accelerate the stabilization process through forced aeration and controlled conditions. The timeframe of 3-6 days is a reasonable estimate for accelerated composting systems, compared to traditional methods that take weeks. The question contains a spelling error - 'compositing' should be 'composting'.

Incineration is the process of burning solid waste at high temperatures. This method reduces the volume of waste significantly.

Uncontrolled dumping is indeed the cheapest method of solid waste disposal as it requires minimal infrastructure or processing. Chemical waste and nuclear waste require specialized, expensive handling. Food waste is too narrow a category. The sentence structure is grammatically poor.

In the hierarchy of solid waste management, the first step is typically generation or collection, followed by processing (such as sorting or treatment) before final disposal.

Recycling is a key component of sustainable solid waste management, as it reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and conserves resources.

4R's principle means that use of non-environmental friendly substance should be reduced. They should be Reuse, Recycled and Recovered. 

Introduction of an undesired component in the natural ecosystem is called as pollution. Water insoluble chemical that seeps inside the soil and gets mixed with ground water. Due to this ground water gets polluted.

The industrial wastes can be treated by the chemical method is which chemicals with a positive charge are added to water. The positive charge of these chemicals called coagulants neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved particles in water. The particles then bind with water and form large particles called floc. The anionic flocculant is added to these flocs. Because the flocculants react against the positively charged mixture, it either neutralizes the particle groups or creates bridge between them to bring particles into larger groups. After this sedimentation is used to remove the particles from the mixture. 

Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power. 

Material recovery is possible from industrial waste. Organic waste can be used for energy production with various processes such as bio-gas production. About $150$ tonnes of solid waste can produce $14000$ cu.cm. Of bio-gas, which generates $1.2$MW of power and $45$ tonnes of manure.

Industrial wast are very hazardous. They need to be handle with great care. They need to be treated scientifically.

Compost is an organic matter that has been decomposed for the better growth of crops. Compost is added to the soil so that the plants get sufficient nutrients from the soil. Composts are rich in nutrients.