History of classification of organisms - class-IX

Oswald Tippo, University of Illiniois 1942, classified plant kingdom into two sub-kingdoms: Thallophyta (thalloid plant body without distinct alternation of generations) and Embryophyta (organ level differentiation of plant body with regular alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations). The sub-kingdom thallophyta was divided into 10 phyla: Cyanophyta (Blue green algae), Euglenophyta (Grass green algae), Chrysophyta (Yellow green algae), Chlorophyta (Green algae), Pyrrophyta (Golden brown algae), Phaeophyta (Brown algae), Rhodophyta (Red algae), Schizomycophyta (Bacteria), Myxomycophyta (Slime molds) and Eumycophyta (True fungi). Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

'Elements de Botanique' was written by Tournefort. The book aimed to define the concept of the genus for plants. It made a clear distinction between genus and species. it also helped in binomial nomenclature, where the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.

According to the principle of priority in the International Code of Nomenclature, the earliest validly published name for a taxon is the correct one. Since 'P' was published in 1960, it takes precedence over the name 'Q' published in 1990.

Taxonomy is the science of classification of organisms and includes identification and nomenclature based on the description of characteristics. Taxonomy, therefore, helps to identify the unknown species. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Linnaeus is described as the father of taxonomy due to his immense contribution in the field of nomenclature and taxonomy. He identified and classified 24 classes of flowering plants based on the number of stamens. He divided these classes into orders on the basis of carpel characteristics. This sexual, as well as artificial classification system, was first described in his book called as Systema Naturae. 

Linnaeus is considered as 'father of taxonomy'. He identified 24 classes of flowering plants based on the number of stamens and their adnate or connate state. He divided these classes into orders on the basis of carpel characteristics. Thus, option A is the correct answer.

Linnaeus is considered as the father of taxonomy. He classified the flowering plants based on the floral characters. The classification was based on the number of stamens and the basis of carpel characteristics. Since, his classification employed sexual characters, it is termed as sexual classification. The artificial system of classification is based on the observable characters such as habit, number, forms, the number of stamen which makes the classification system proposed by Linnaeus as an artificial system.

Theophrastus is considered father of botany. He was the Greek philosopher and the first to attempt to classify plants on the basis of their morphological features. On the basis of their height, girth and branches, the plants were classified as tree, shrubs, sub-shrubs and herbs.

Theophrastus is considered father of botany. He was the Greek philosopher and the first to attempt to classify plants of the basis of their morphological features. On the basis of their height, girth and branches, the plants were classified as tree, shrubs, sub-shrubs and herbs. He considered the trees as most advanced plant and classified around 500 plant species of plants which are mentioned in his book Historia Plantarum. Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants were also penned by him. 

Scala Naturae (Natural Ladder) was written by Aristotle to organize all things in the natural world, living and non-living. Aristotle's Scala Naturae showed a continuum from 'lower' forms of matter to 'higher' forms of matter. 

The dynamic concept of species was given by Lamarck. According to this concept 'Species is always changeable'. Changes always occur in the characters of species from one generation to the next generation. And these changes are known as evolution.

• Aristotle developed the idea of Scala Naturae (Natural Ladder) which came to be known as the Great chain of being to organize all things in the natural world, living and non-living. It showed a continuum from 'lower' forms of matter to 'higher' forms of matter. 
  
• The Scala Naturae ranged from inanimate matter (minerals) as the 'lowest', then up to plants, then to animals. The 'highest' things on the ladder are humans.
  

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist who gave the original classification of living organisms based on environment, movement and structural similarities. Some of the most important books by Aristotle include Historia Animalium, De Partibus Animalium and De Generation Animalium. So, the correct option is 'All of the above'.

• The Sushruta Samhita is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world.
• The Susruta Samhita was written by the famous physician and surgeon Susruta in the 6th century BC who taught at the University of Benares (alternatively Kasi or Varanasi) on the Ganges River.
  
• According to Susruta Samhita, Virudha consisted of shrubs.
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Shrubs'

1. In the rules of nomenclature, families are arranged according to the arrangement of the complexity of flower (position of the gynoecium, the arrangement of anthers etc) and fruit (originated from ovary, or from thalamus ).
2. Perianth means the fusion of calyx and corolla (lily) but similar structure also found in mosses and liverworts (bryophytes) and as these are the primitive plant it is supposed that perianth is a primitive character.
3. Monocots were considered more advanced than dicots in the way of photosynthesis they have more advance system and are called C$ _4$ plants and their vascular bundles, the arrangement of leaves etc are much different and evolved the dicots.
4. Plants adopted unisexuality and evolved from bisexuality to prevent genetic depression it is one of the most common methods of prevention of Autogamy and geitonogamy.

• Natural classification is based on the complete morphological characters of stem, root, leaves, flowers etc. Bentham and Hooker's classification is based on these characters hence it is an example of to be the natural system.
  
• Aristotle and Theophrastus used simple and observable traits for classification.
• Darwin and Wallace were associated with theories related to evolution.
  
• Engler and Prantl presented the evolutionary system of classification
  

• Species Plantarum was published in 1st May 1753.
  
• Linnaeus gave the scientific names of plants of about 6000 species. He established binomial nomenclature in this book which is widely accepted as the starting point of nomenclature of plants
  

In the Bentham and Hooker classification they were characterized as having "stamens usually many, carpels free, endosperm conspicuous, embryo small". The Ranales were the first cohort of the Thalamiflorae according to this classification.

• Aristotle was a Greek philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, the founder of the Lyceum and the Peripatetic school of philosophy and Aristotelian tradition. 
• Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in Stagira in northern Greece.
  
• Aristotle divided animals into Aniama( "those without RBC") and enaima( "those with blood). Anaima examples invertebrates and Enaima examples vertebrates
  
• So, the correct answer is 'Anaima and enaima'.

The Telome theory, proposed by Walter Zimmermann, explains the evolution of the sporophyte of vascular plants (tracheophytes) from simpler, branched, leafless structures called telomes.

Bentham and Hooker proposed their system of classification in the book Genera Plantarum. In this book, they gave the biggest and natural classification of seed plants. Their system of classification was based on the principle of natural affinities and is considered as pre-Darwinian as it does not take evolution into account.

Taxonomy is the science of the naming and classifying or grouping of organisms. In 1700, Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus developed a hierarchical classification system for organisms called binomial nomenclature. Palaeontology is the science of the forms of life existing in the former geological period, as represented by their fossils. 

A) Binomial Nomenclature was given by Linnaeus.

John Ray published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology. His classification of the plant in his Historia Plantarum was an important step towards modern taxonomy. He also coined the term Species.

• Cladistics is one of the three schools of systematics that determines the degree of relatedness by analysing the primitive and derived characters and constructs the cladogram.
  
• Cladistics is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups based on the most recent common ancestor. A key feature of a clade is that a common ancestor and all its descendants are part of the clade.
• In Cladistics  to show relations among organisms, cladogram is used. Cladistics is now the most commonly used methods to classify organisms.

Taxonomy refers to a branch of science that deals primarily with the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms. For example, organisms are classified into clades in phylogenetic taxonomy.

Bentham and Hooker divided Spermatophyta or seed-bearing plants into three classes namely- 

The criterions for classification of organisms are as follows-
1. Nature of cell (porkaryotic or eukaryotic)
2. Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
3. Mode of nutrition (autotrophic or heterotrophic)
4. Body design (presence or absence of cell wall)
5. Presence or absence of well defined nucleus with nuclear membrane
6. Body differentiation
7. Presence of conducting tissues (in case of plants)
8. Mode of reproduction
9. Type of seed (in case of plants)
10. Number of cotyledons (in case of plants)
Hence, options A, B, C are incorrect. 
Height is not considered as criterion for classification of living organisms. 
Therefore, option D is correct.  

• Renales are the most primitive living angiosperms hence placing them, in the beginning, is the merit of Bentham and Hooker's system.

The group monochlamydaea was one of three within the Dicotyledons, the others being Polypetalae and Gamopetalae. It included plants with flowers that had either a calyx or corolla, but not both. Though, it was later abandoned.

1. Morphospecies are groups of individuals that are morphologically similar and clearly distinguishable from individuals of other groups.
   2. A group of interbreeding individuals that are isolated reproductively from all other groups is called Biospecies.
   3. Linneon are the taxonomic species distinguished on the basis of morphological characters.
   4. Those species which are present in the living world are known as neontological species.
   So, the correct option is 'Linneon'.

A. The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by separation of parts is called Anatomy

Museums are essential for the preservation and documentation of biological specimens, providing a reference for taxonomic studies and historical records.

First described species as a unit of classification - John Ray

Species are the groups of individuals that sexually interbreed or are potentially interbreeding form.

Pasteur, Oparin and Darwin are the scientists who are known for their contributions in the field of microbiology, biochemistry (theory for the origin of life) and evolution (origin of species) respectively. Carl Linnaeus gave the Linnaean taxonomy and binomial nomenclature. The classification and the nomenclature were published in the book Systema Naturae which was written by Carl Linnaeus. The binomial nomenclature for the classification of the organisms is considered as an important contribution. 

1. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and a scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece.
   2. The original classification of living organisms was developed by Aristotle.
   3. He made contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theatre.
   So, the correct option is 'Greece'.