Blood in humans - class-X

Out of all other leucocytes, the neutrophils (60-65%) are most abundant and the least are basophils (0.5-1%). Platelets are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes. During the blood clotting, the enzyme thrombin converts inactive fibrinogens into active fibrins.. 

Hb contains a protein portion called globin and a pigment portion called haem. The haem portion consists of four atoms of iron, each capable of combining with a molecule of $O _{2}$. Thus, one Hb carries 4 molecules of $O _{2}$.

Nearly 20-25% of $CO _{2}$ is transported by RBCs whereas 70% of it is carried as bicarbonate in plasma. About 7% of $CO _{2}$ is carried in a dissolved state through plasma. About 97% of $O _{2}$ is carried by RBCs in the blood. About 3% of $O _{2}$ Is transported in a dissolved state through the plasma.

The sieve tubes are supporting cells in the conducting tissue of the plant and are characterised by the absence of a nucleus. 

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb ) is an iron-containing protein present in Erythrocytes or Red blood cells (RBC) of almost all vertebrates. Each hemoglobin is made up of 4 subunits, 2 alpha subunits, and 2 beta subunits. Each subunit surrounds the central heme group that contains iron and binds to one oxygen molecule. It carries oxygen from lungs to tissues. It also helps in the transportation of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions back to the lungs from the tissues. Hence RBC helps in transportation of gases while WBC takes parts in immune function and protects the body from infectious diseases and foreign invaders(bacteria, viruses other pathogens) and platelets in blood coagulation.

Platelets are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes (special cells in the bone marrow). They are also called as thrombocytes. An injury or a trauma stimulates the platelets in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of coagulation or blood clotting. They also change their shape from round to spiny and stick to the broken vessel wall and each other and forms net-like structure during bleeding. This prevents the loss of hemoglobin through bleeding.

In human physiology, mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) have an average lifespan of approximately 120 days in circulation before they are destroyed and recycled by macrophages in the spleen and liver.

Given that 1 gram of hemoglobin carries 1.34 mL of oxygen and 100 mL of blood contains 15 grams of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying capacity is calculated as 15 times 1.34 mL, which equals 20.1 mL, approximately 20 mL. Therefore, option B is correct.

Haemoglobin consists of a protein part called globin and a non-protein iron-containing prosthetic group called haem. When the iron-containing part is removed, the remaining protein component is globin.

The monomer described is a nucleotide, which consists of a nitrogenous base (heterocyclic compound), a pentose sugar (monosaccharide), and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids such as r-RNA.

The process of making blood cells is called haemopoiesis. Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. That's a spongy tissue located inside some bones. It contains young parent cells called stem cells. These blood-forming stem cells can grow into all 3 types of blood cells – red cells, white cells, and platelets. These blood-forming stem cells make copies of themselves, and they also produce mature blood cells. When blood cells are fully mature and functional, they leave the bone marrow and enter the blood. Healthy people have enough stem cells to keep making all the blood cells they need every day.

Human Saliva -6.8
Human Blood -7.4
Gastric Juice-1.8
Urine-6

Blood platelets or thrombocyte is another word for platelet, the blood cell that is responsible for normal blood clotting. The root "thrombo" means clot, and you will see it used with diseases and conditions that affect the platelets and blood clotting.

Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering.

Diameter of capillaries is 4u for RBC to pass. As RBC has diameter of 8u it experiences large deformations while passing.

Biological pigments include various compounds; chemical messengers include prostaglandins; blood constituents include sodium chloride; four carbon rings are characteristic of steroids (like cholesterol). Matching A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 is the correct association.

Platelets are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes (special cells in the bone marrow). They are also called as thrombocytes. An injury or a trauma stimulates the platelets in the blood to release certain factors which activate the mechanism of coagulation or blood clotting. They also change their shape from round to spiny and stick to the broken vessel wall and each other and forms net-like structure during bleeding. Hence platelets forms net-like structure during bleeding.

The beta-chain of haemoglobin in humans and rhesus monkeys is highly conserved, showing approximately 40% similarity in amino acid sequence.

Statement A is incorrect because plasma is about 55% of blood. Statement E is incorrect because minerals (electrolytes) are essential components of blood plasma. Statements B, C, and D are standard physiological facts.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb ) is an iron-containing protein present in erythrocytes or Red blood cells(RBC) of almost all vertebrates. Each hemoglobin is made up of 4 subunits, 2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits. Each subunit surrounds the central heme group that contains iron and binds to one oxygen molecule. Hence each hemoglobin molecule can bind to four oxygen molecules. It carries oxygen from lungs to tissues. It also helps in the transportation of carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions back to the lungs from the tissues. Hence haemoglobin in the RBCs helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A single haemoglobin molecule contains four haem groups, each capable of binding one molecule of oxygen, allowing a total of four oxygen molecules to be carried per haemoglobin molecule.

Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin with much higher affinity than oxygen, forming carboxyhaemoglobin. This effectively reduces the amount of free haemoglobin available to transport oxygen.

It is a standard physiological constant that 1 gram of pure haemoglobin can bind approximately 1.34 mL of oxygen when fully saturated.

(b) To maintain electrostatic neutrality of plasma, many chloride ions diffuse from plasma into RBCs and bicarbonate ions pass out. The chloride content of RBCs increase when oxygenated blood become deoxygenated. This is termed as chloride shift or Hamburger phenomenon.

While plasma carries some dissolved oxygen, the vast majority of oxygen transport in the body is carried by the blood, specifically within the red blood cells via haemoglobin.

Anaemia is defined as a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in reduced oxygen transport capacity.

Haemoglobin synthesis begins during the early stages of erythropoiesis. It is first detectable in the intermediate normoblast stage.

Nerve impulses, heart pacemakers, and muscular movement via ATP are correct associations. Monocytes are white blood cells involved in phagocytosis and do not contain haemoglobin.

The normal range for haemoglobin in a healthy adult male is typically between 13.5 and 17.5 g/100 mL, making 14-15 g/100 mL the correct representative value.

Haemoglobin is an oligomeric protein (composed of four subunits) and a chromoprotein (due to the iron-containing haem group). It is not monomeric, nor is it keratin.

(d) One molecule of the haemoglobin has 4 haem groups and each of them is capable of taking up one molecule of $O _2$ .

Haemoglobin is the primary protein in red blood cells responsible for binding and transporting oxygen throughout the human body.

The sequence is: P (CO2 absorption), Q (formation of H+ and HCO3- in RBC via carbonic anhydrase), and S (H+ ions bind to HbO2, causing the release of O2 via the Bohr effect).

The presence of haemoglobin, the red pigment in the red blood cells (RBCs) makes blood appear red in colour. The haemoglobin carries oxygen and transports it to all the parts of the body.

Thalassaemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by reduced synthesis of either the alpha or beta globin chains of haemoglobin, leading to abnormal haemoglobin production.

WBC count of lymph is 500 $mm^3$. Therefore answer should be actually (C). The genetic material is absent.