Industrial revolution and inventions - class-X

Karl Marx and Fredric Engels came up with a new theory of socialism
based on their study of the working of industrial capitalist production.
They argued that capitalism is both a progressive as well as an exploitative
system. Marx believed that industrial production will make it
impossible for people to live and work on a small scale; they will have
to cooperate with countless number of people to produce even
their basic needs.

Spinning Jenny used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so by turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. It was invented by James Hargreaves

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other European countries, including Belgium, France, and Germany, and to the United States.

Capitalism is based on private ownership of the means of production. Capitalists themselves determine what is to be produced and who is to be given a share of the produce. At the same time, it is also debated that capitalism distributes wealth and power in an unfair and exploitative manner.

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system, and competitive markets. In a capitalist market economy, decision-making and investment are determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in financial and capital markets, whereas prices and the distribution of goods.

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain was due to the advancement in technology and machinery. Hand production methods were replaced by machines, new chemical and the iron production processes were invented.

Capitalism in Europe was preceded by feudalism. Under feudalism, land was overwhelmingly the main means of production. Land was owned by feudal lords, and a large number of peasants bound to the land worked it in small farms. The surplus was owned by lords leading to disappearance of small farmers, growth of towns for production and loads of production.

The correct answer is Capitalism. Socialism and Communism give significant power to the government to control the economy, while in Feudalism, corporate ownership is absent. It is only Capitalism which is entirely based on private ownership.

Capitalism is defined as an economic system in which a country’s trade, industry, and profits are controlled by private companies, instead of by the people whose time and labor powers those companies. so exploitation, overcrowding and loss of traditional jobs all were it's  effect.

Mercantilism refers to the economic policy wherein the trade and accumulation of goods were maximized by obtaining the cheap raw material from the colonies. The development of large scale factories in Europe during the Industrial Revolution required the raw material of cotton, jute etc. that lead to spread if mercantile capital.

Capitalism is an economic, social and political system where private individuals control a country's trade and business. The government has little or no control over the market. The United States is a capitalist country. Capitalism prioritizes individual rights, private ownership, and free enterprise.

The Penny Post is one of several postal systems in which normal letters could be sent for one penny. It was invented by Sir Rowland Hill was an English teacher, inventor, and social reformer. He was knighted by Queen Victoria for 'services to the Nation'.

Telegraph is the long-distance transmission of textual or symbolic messages without the physical exchange of an object bearing the message. It was invented by an American inventor Samuel Morse in 1844.

The first electric telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse in 1844. On May 24, 1844, he electrically transmitted his first message 'What hath God wrought?' from Washington to Baltimore.

The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England primarily resulted from agricultural innovation. New farming techniques and improved livestock breeding led to amplified food production. This allowed a spike in population and increased health.

Improvements in navigational tools.

Laissez-faire capitalism, advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, was championed by free-market industrialists and economists like Adam Smith.

Abandon much of its food production in favor of expanding the production of textiles and cash crops.

Industrialization first started in England in the eighteenth century. It spread to other parts of Europe, Russia, the United States of America and Japan in the nineteenth century. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong industrialization began in China during the mid-twentieth century (after 1950 AD).

Adam Smith.

Industrial revolution can be termed as a structural transformation that happened in the Great Britain during the  eighteenth century. It refers to the  changes in the technological, socioeconomic and cultural areas primarily due to  mechanization of agriculture, textiles, metallurgy, steam power etc. It helped England to maintain its supremacy, as the revolution took time to reach other European nations.

A scythe is a hand-held agricultural tool with a long, curved blade, historically used for cutting grass or reaping crops by hand.

It was profitable to employ the women and children in the factories because they were paid almost one-tenth of what was given to men. Also, the resistance was negligible from them because they hardly became a part of strikes organised by the workers' union. They could be made to perform menial jobs repeatedly.

The most prominent social impact of the industrial revolution was mass underemployment. Underemployment is when a person lands in a job which doesn't use his actual skills. The expertise of  skilled workers like hand weavers became  obsolete owing to the extraordinary efficiency of textile  machines. This forced them to opt jobs which they were not familiar with. The challenging working conditions and undue payments worsened their living.

The continuous fall in the living, health and working conditions due to the industrial revolution necessitated the parliamentary reforms. There were increasing demands for improved social welfare, education, labour rights, political rights and equality, as well as for the abolition of the slave trade and changes in the electoral system. 

The earliest factories in England came up during the 1730s and grew in number during the late eighteenth century. Cotton factories were the first factories to be set up and its production boomed in the late nineteenth century.

The British had always woven cloth out of wool and flax. From 17th century country, had been importing bales of cotton from India. Till early 18th century spinning was a very slow process. But a series of technological invention fill the gap between the speed in spinning raw cotton into yarn. From the 1780s, the cotton industries in Britain symbolised industrialisation in Britain. From now raw cotton had to be imported and finished cloth was exported.

The correct answer for this question is option A, that is 3. Following the Industrial Revolution, a new class structure emerged which comprised of the lower/working class, the middle class and the upper class.

Laissez-Faire is a French term for an economic system which supports free trade while the other 3 ideologies are distinct political-economic ideological systems.

The industrial revolution changed the economic face of England. England became the most advanced country in the world. It developed its trade relations and this increased the national income. The establishment of factories saw the rise of many new industrial towns like Manchester, Lancashire, Birmingham and Sheffield. 

In
the mid-nineteenth century, Henry Mayhew wrote several volumes on the
London labour, and compiled long list of those who made a living from
crime. Many of whom he listed as 'criminal' were in fact poor people who
lived by stealing lead from roofs.

The
early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester
attracted large numbers of migrants to the textile mills setup in the
late eighteenth century. In 1851, more than three-quarters of the adults
living in Manchester were migrants from rural areas.

Factories
employed large number of women in the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries. With technology developments, women gradually lost
their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within household.

By this theory, capitalists and traders pleaded that the state had no right to interfere in the affairs of the factories and trade. 

The birth of new classes, the capitalist and the labour class made the poor poorer and the entire capital of the country went into the coffers on the capitalist. It was therefore rightly said by someone, the industrial revolution made the rich richer and the poor poorer. 

The term "Industrial revolution" refers to all those changes that took place in the field of the industry during the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. In this period power-driven machines were used in big factories to achieve large scale production.

The Industrialization in Germany occurred almost a century later than England. This was because until 1870, Germany was not unified. In 1871, with the formation of New German Confederation, the country became politically, socially, and economically stronger. Thus, the unification provides a smooth platform for the growth of industries. Also, as a result of Seven Weeks war with France, Germany gained Alsace and Lorraine. These were mineral rich regions and gave an instant boom to the economy.

Industrial revolution favoured rapid setup of factories which caused the development of specific towns. Early eighteenth century saw the development of cotton factories in Lancashire due to trade with Egypt and India. Manchester witnessed population boom due to extensive setup of cotton factories in by 1830. Sheffield became renowned for its metallurgy. 

Laissez-Faire is the French term for free trade. It is a system in which the government doesn't interfere much in the economy of the country and leaves its functioning to the market. Thus, Laissez-Faire is the right answer.

Development of London started in 18th century due to rapid industrialization. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.  It was a colossal city with a population of about 675,000.  Over the period of nineteenth century, London continued to expand.