DNA Fingerprinting - Class XII

• EcoRI cuts the DNA between bases G and A only when the sequence GAATTC is present in the DNA.
  
• Disruption of the cell membranes can be achieved by treating the bacterial cells, plant cells and fungal cells with enzymes lysozyme, cellulase and chitinases respectively.
  
• Since DNA has a negative charge , it moves towards the anode of the electrophoretic chamber.

Alec Jeffreys  is a British geneticist, who developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used worldwide in forensic science to assist police detective work and to resolve paternity and immigration disputes. F.Sanger developed the Sanger dideoxy method of sequencing DNA and also is credited for the sequencing of fragments of automated DNA sequences called annotated DNA sequences. This was very helpful for the human genome project that could sequence the entire genetic makeup of the human being.  In 1961, Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod proposed the operon model of gene regulation in bacteria. The model was based on their study of the genes in E. coli that code for enzymes that affect the breakdown of lactose also called the Lac Operon. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty experimentally proved that DNA is the substance or the genetic material that causes transformation in bacteria. 

DNA fingerprinting relies on restriction endonucleases to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences to create fragments of varying lengths.

DNA fingerprinting relies on techniques like Southern blotting, gel electrophoresis, and restriction digestion to analyze variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). DNA sequencing determines the precise nucleotide order of a gene or genome, and while related, it is not a core step of traditional DNA fingerprinting protocols.

• DNA fingerprinting also called DNA typing, DNA profiling, genetic fingerprinting, genotyping, or identity testing, in genetics is a method of isolating and identifying variable elements within the base-pair sequence of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). 
• DNA fingerprinting is currently used both for identifying paternity or maternity and for identifying criminals or victims.

A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) refers to the presence of a short nucleotide sequence as a tandem repeat on many chromosomes; it exhibits variations in length and number of repeats between individuals. VNTR are 10-100 bp long. This DNA polymorphism is revealed during DNA finger printing in creating DNA profile of individuals. For the purpose, restriction enzyme digested DNA samples are sorted by gel electrophoresis followed by southern blotting. Finally, radioactive probes are washed over the nylon surface to allow their joining to any DNA fragments of the same composition; option B is correct.  

DNA amplification is the synthesis of multiple copies of small DNA sample which is done by PCR technique. It amplifies the gene of interest in three steps namely denaturation of target DNA (thermal cycle to separate the DNA strands), annealing of primers to the ssDNA and polymerization (extension of primer into complete DNA strand complementary to the template strand). 

The possibility of having inaccurate test results increases if a very small sample of DNA is available for testing. The chance that the DNA will be mixed up with some other DNA is also higher with a smaller sample. If a person had a blood transfusion within the past 3 months which make the availability of DNA sample of different types. The decay of the tissue sample can also lead to inaccurate results. Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

DNA finger printing is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. This method was developed by Alec Jeffrey.

DNA profiling or fingerprinting is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles.

DNA fingerprinting technique was invented by Alec Jeffrey, Wilson and Thien.

Sir Alec Jeffreys is widely recognized as the father of DNA fingerprinting for his development of the technique in 1984.

Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of fingerprints, palm prints, and sole prints.

VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) sequences are highly polymorphic and are used as markers in DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals.

DNA fingerprinting is the most accurate and widely used method for determining paternity because it compares unique genetic markers inherited from parents.

DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to identify individuals by analyzing their unique DNA profiles. It involves comparing specific regions of DNA to determine genetic identity or relatedness.

Alec Jeffreys is widely credited with developing the DNA fingerprinting technique in 1984. His work revolutionized forensic science and paternity testing.

DNA fingerprinting is the standard term for the process of comparing DNA sequences from a crime scene to those of a suspect to establish a match.

Electrophoresis is essential in DNA fingerprinting to separate DNA fragments based on their size. This allows for the visualization of the unique banding patterns.

Annealing is the process where complementary DNA strands or probes bind to each other through hydrogen bonding. This is a critical step in hybridization.

DNA fingerprinting is used for identification, forensics, and paternity, but it is not a therapeutic technique for curing genetic diseases like SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency).

DNA fingerprinting requires restriction endonucleases to cut DNA, Taq polymerase for amplification (in PCR-based methods), and primers to initiate the process.

DNA fingerprinting is the primary method for establishing biological relationships, including paternity, because it compares unique genetic markers inherited from parents.

Dr. Lalji Singh is widely recognized as the father of DNA fingerprinting in India for his pioneering work in the field.

The correct order is: digestion of DNA (c), electrophoresis (a), blotting (e), hybridization (b), and autoradiography (d).

Southern blotting is the specific technique used to transfer DNA fragments to a membrane and hybridize them with a probe.

DNA fingerprinting relies on the variability of repetitive sequences (like VNTRs) located between restriction sites, which creates unique patterns for individuals.

DNA fingerprinting is a PCR-based technique (ii), used in forensics (iii), and used for paternity testing (v). It is not ELISA-based and does not use physical finger prints.

The standard protocol is: extraction (c), fragmentation (d), electrophoresis (e), denaturation (a), blotting (b), hybridization (f), and exposure (g).

Both statements are true: DNA fingerprinting relies on identifying differences in DNA sequences, and repetitive DNA sequences are indeed the basis for these differences. However, the reason explains the mechanism of the polymorphism, not the assertion directly.

Minisatellites (VNTRs) are highly polymorphic, repetitive DNA sequences used as markers in traditional DNA fingerprinting.

DNA footprinting is a technique used to identify the specific binding site of a protein on a DNA molecule. It relies on the protection of phosphodiester bonds from enzymatic digestion where the protein is bound, leaving a distinctive footprint when run on a gel.

DNA profiling is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics, which are as unique as fingerprints. The technique was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Alec Jeffreys. 

By cutting a sample of DNA into fragments and comparing it with other samples it's possible to work out if the DNA has come from the same person. This technique is called DNA fingerprinting, and is a technique used to help solve crimes where the suspect may have left a sample of body tissue at the crime scene. Satellite DNA consists of very large arrays of tandemly repeating, non-coding DNA. Satellite DNA is the main component of functional centromeres, and form the main structural constituent of heterochromatin. The term satellite is used to describe DNA sequences that comprise short head-to-tail tandem repeats incorporating specific motifs. So, the correct option is "Satellite DNA occurring as highly short DNA segments."

DNA fingerprinting is based on inherited genetic markers, so it is inherited. It is not used to determine the sex of a fetus; other methods like ultrasound or amniocentesis are used for that.

Biometric recognition (also known as biometrics) refers to the automated recognition of individuals based on their biological and behavioral traits. Examples of biometric traits include fingerprint, face, iris, palmprint, retina, hand geometry, voice, signature and gait.

DNA or genetic fingerprinting relies on the principle that no two individuals share the same genetic code except for identical twins. DNA fingerprinting uses the pattern of DNA fragments caused by specific enzymes to identify individual organisms: humans, other animals, plants or any other organism with DNA. DNA fingerprinting is useful in paternity analysis, criminal cases, and many studies of ecology and evolution.

Fingerprinting is a very useful method in identification of a person. A fingerprint is unique to an individual and is permanent. The best method is DNA fingerprinting. One of the most common DNA fingerprinting procedures is RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). Special enzymes are used to cut segments of a sample from which DNA is extracted. The procedure of RFLP focuses on repetitious sequences of DNA bases which vary greatly from individual to individual.

In 1984, Alec Jeffreys discovered the technique of genetic fingerprinting in a laboratory in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester. Professor Sir Alec John Jeffreys, FRS is a British geneticist, who developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling which are now used all over the world in forensic science to assist police detective work.

DNA profiling can be carried out using a sample such as blood, saliva, semen or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g., a toothbrush, razor) or from stored samples (e.g., banked sperm or biopsy tissue). Samples obtained from blood relatives (related by birth, not marriage) can provide an indication of an individual's profile, as could human remains that had been previously profiled.

Sir Alec Jeffreys, professor of genetics is the pioneer of DNA profiling. DNA profiling (also called as DNA fingerprinting) is a forensic technique used to identify individuals by characteristics of their DNA.

Southern blotting and hybridization with probes can be used to locate a few specific fragments in a large pool of DNA. Southern blotting (named after Edwin M. Southern) is one technique used to transfer the denatured, single-stranded fragments from a gel to a thin solid medium.

DNA fingerprinting is a method used in the identification of the genetic information (DNA) in a person's cell. It is a forensic technique used to identify an individual by the characteristics of the DNA. It is also useful to identify the identity and relation of an individual with others.