Introduction to solutions - class-X

Amalgam of mercury comes under the category of solid solutions in which the solute is a liquid and solvent is a solid. The liquid solute is mercury and the solid solvent is sodium.

A solution is the homogeneous mixture of two or more than two components.

Powdered sugar dissolves faster in hot water than it does in cold water because hot water has more energy than cold water. When water is heated, the molecules gain energy and, thus, move faster. As they move faster, they come into contact with the sugar more often, causing it to dissolve faster.

The solutions obtained by dissolving a solute in any solvent other than water are called non aqueous solutions (non acqueous means without water). For example, if a solute is dissolved in any solvent such as benzene, alcohol, ether, carbon, disulphide, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, etc., the solution obtained is called a non aqueous solution.
) Non Aqueous soln: Ethanol + glucose
Solid in non aqueous: Sugar in Ethanol
2) blood, starch, ink : Collidal Soln.
sugar sol., salt sol : true soln.

Carbon tetrachloride is nonpolar and will not mix with water. Benzene is also non-polar and won't mix with water at all. 

An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is usually shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be represented as Na⁺(aq) + Cl^-(aq).

Solvation, also sometimes called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. 

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which some of the particles settle out of the mixture upon standing.

Solution formed by mixing two different species is a binary solution. Hence number of components is $2$.

A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solution:- (D) ${H} _{\text{hydration}} > {H} _{\text{lattice}}$

For an ideal binary liquid solution with $P _\overset {o}{A}>P _\overset {o}{B}$.

The Tyndall effect is the scattering of light by colloidal particles. True solutions have particle sizes < 1 nm, which are too small to scatter visible light (wavelength ~400-700 nm). For the effect to be observable, the dispersed phase particles must have dimensions comparable to the wavelength of light - not much smaller. Option B states they must NOT be much smaller, which would mean they ARE comparable, which is correct for observing the effect. However, B contradicts standard textbook wording. Option A correctly states true solutions don't show Tyndall effect due to very small particle size.

$M+(x+y)NH _3\rightarrow [M(MH _3) _x]^++[4(NH _3) _y]^-$. Blue colour of the solution is due to ammoniated electrons and good conductor of electricity because of both ammoniated cations and ammoniated electrons.

A homogeneous system is a mixture where the composition is uniform throughout. Urea dissolved in water forms a true solution, which is homogeneous.

Molar concentration is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and its unit is mol L$^{-1}$. Molarity is a method to express the concentration of a solution. It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution. 

Saturated Solution: A solution with a solute that dissolves until it is unable to dissolve any more, leaving the undissolved substances at the bottom.

Using the freezing point depression formula: deltaTf = Kf * m. With Kf = 1.86, deltaTf = 1.21, and molality m = (10/M) / 0.1, solving for M gives approximately 154 g/mol.

Water is miscible in alcohol due to hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Since petrol, diesel and kerosene are non-polar in nature, they are insoluble in alcohol which is a polar solvent.

Platinum is present in solid state and when hydrogen gas is adsorbed on the surface of platinum then they are forming solid in gas solution because soild is very  small and is present as solute and the amount of gas adsorbed is much more then platinum so it act as solvent and complete solution is known as solid in gas.

 The bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms ($O–H$ bond) in sugar (sucrose) gives the oxygen a slight negative charge and the hydrogen a slight positive charge.Sucrose is a polar molecule.

NaCl in sulphur dioxide from molten sodium sulfate. Copper and silver are melted together to forms an alloy, salt is insoluble in petrol because petrol is non-polar solvent. Mud in water forms a colloidal solution, so, from the given options Copper in silver forms a true solution. 

Copper and gold are melted and mixed together to form an alloy, they form a solid-solid homogeneous mixture,

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in any phase. For example, in a saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water as the solvent.

Colloid particle have a particle size range from 1 to 1000 nanometer and these particles do not settle at the bottom but scatter the light.

Solubility in n-octane (a non-polar solvent) follows the 'like dissolves like' principle. KCl is ionic (least soluble), followed by polar molecules, with non-polar cyclohexane being most soluble.

To give ppt with ${ AgNO } _{ 3 }$ solution, a substance has to release ${ Cl }^{ - }$ ions.
$CoCl _{ 3 }.3NH _{ 3 }$ gives no ppt because it does not dissociate in solution.
$\therefore $ Number of particles in solution $=1$ i.e the molecule itself $CoCl _{ 3 }.5NH _{ 3 }$ gives 2 moles $AgCl$ ppt because it dissociate as follows
$CoCl _{ 3 }.5NH _{ 3 }\rightarrow \left[ Co\left( { NH } _{ 3 } \right) _{ 5 }Cl \right] ^{ 2+ }+2{ Cl }^{ - }$
It gives 3 ions on dissociation.
$\therefore $ its van't Hoff factor is 3.

Using Raoult's Law: P_total = XAPA + XBPB. Then, the mole fraction in the vapor phase is YA = (XAPA) / P_total. Given PA=200, PB=400, XA=0.4, XB=0.6, P_total = 0.4200 + 0.6*400 = 80 + 240 = 320. YA = 80/320 = 0.25, YB = 0.75.

A concentrated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved because solubility depends on temperature, a solution that is concentrated at one temperature may not be concentrated at a higher temperature.

Ethanol-water mixtures are commonly used as antifreeze in cooling systems because they lower the freezing point of the coolant.

A true solution is a homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are completely dissolved and invisible to the naked eye. ENO salt (effervescent salts) dissolved in water creates a true solution, whereas the others are colloids or suspensions.

In a solution, the component present in the largest amount is the solvent. Air is approximately 78% nitrogen, making it the solvent in this binary mixture.

(A) option is correct.

A saturated solution is formed due to maximum concentration of a solute dissolved into solvent. The additional solute will not dissolve in a saturated solution.