Irrigation and Water Management - Class IX

Improving drainage from the inundated paddock can decrease the waterlogging period at which the crop roots are subjected to anaerobic conditions. waterlogging draws salt to the surface of the soil. The salt than is deposited as a thin crust on the land surface or starts collecting at the roots of the plants. All the statements are true.

• Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
• This system is used on uneven lands where less water is available.
• Sprinkler system is suitable for crops such as cereals, pulses, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, cotton, vegetables, fruits, flowers, spices and condiments and for cultivating paddy crop.
  
• Hence Rani should use the sprinkler irrigation system.
• So, the correct answer is 'Sprinkler system'.

Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. It is the watering of land to make it ready for agriculture. Irrigation systems are often complex combinations of canals, channels, and hoses. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall.

Surface irrigation is a method by which water is supplied to the soil surface by gravity. It is one of the commonest method used in agriculture. Sprinkler method is used to supply the water in the form of rain by using pipes through pumping. Watering plants by drip irrigation method is a more economical way of watering plants. In this technique, water is supplied drop by drop near the plant roots through the small opening is called as drippers. By this method, there is no loss of water due to seepage, runoff or evaporation. Thus the correct answer is option D.

• Drip irrigation method saves 30 to 70 percent water and it is possible to irrigate three times more area with the same amount of water. 
• In this method, weeds do not spread because water reaches only near plants and does not spread in the whole field. 
• Fertilizers and insecticides can also reach the plant directly by solution in the water and it saves 30 to 60 percent chemical fertilizers as well as 40 to 50 percent pesticides along with saving of water. 
• Crop production is higher by 20 to 40 percent in the drip irrigation method, because plants can get air and water in required quantities, resulting in regular growth of crops. 
• Lesser laborers are required for irrigation work. 

• The supply of water to the crops at different intervals is called irrigation. Lakes, rivers, dams, canals, etc. are the sources of water for irrigation. 
• The water from lakes or canals is lifted up by different methods. Human or cattle labor can be used for these methods. 
• Various traditional ways of irrigation are pulley system, chain pump, dhekli, and Rahat. 
• Traditional methods are cheaper but they are less efficient as compared to modern methods like a sprinkler system, drip system, etc.

• The supply of water to the crops at different intervals of ti,e is called as irrigation. 
• The time and frequency of irrigation vary from crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season. In the summer season, the frequency of watering is more due to the evaporation of water from the soil and leaves.
• In the case of wheat, irrigation is required at intervals during different stages of plant growth. Rice crop requires standing water in the field.

• The supply of water to the crops at different intervals is called irrigation. Lakes, rivers, dams, canals, etc. are the sources of water for irrigation. 
• The water from lakes or canals is lifted up by different methods. Human or cattle labor can be used for these methods. 
• Various traditional ways of irrigation are pulley system, chain pump, dhekli, and Rahat. 
• Traditional methods are cheaper but they are less efficient as compared to modern methods like a sprinkler system, drip system, etc.

• Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the natural or artificial removal of surface and subsurface water from a given area. 

Efficient water use requires a holistic approach including soil knowledge, modern irrigation techniques, and proper management systems.

Modern irrigation methods include a method of fountain irrigation and method of sprinkle irrigation or method of drip irrigation which consume less water.

Drip irrigation is designed to deliver water directly to the root zone of plants, minimizing evaporation and runoff.

Drip irrigation is a method in which water flows through special pipes called drip pipes. It is a micro-irrigation system in which large pipes are used to distribute water into the fields. It has the potential to supply water and nutrients to the soil.

Sub-irrigation system is the process in which the water is passed through roots of the plants. It is also know as seepage irrigation. In commercial landscaping sub-irrigation system is located below in a box or a container.

Surface irrigation is a method of irrigation in which water is supplied by gravity flow over the surface of the land. In this method either the whole surface is supplied or the fields are wet with the help of pipes.

Irrigation is a
system or process of supplying water to the fields where the crops are being
grown.It was started due to the deficiency of rainfalls . Irrigation also makes
the soil more fertile and nourishes the crop. It is the artificial method of supplying water into the fields.

Dhekli is a method where water is taken directly from the wells with the help of a pulley. It is a manual method of irrigation. The main disadvantage of this method is that it wastes a lot of water. It is less practised than other systems of irrigation.

Rahat is the system which uses animals as the labour it is an old type of method where oxen were used a wheel was tied to them and turned by them to get the water out of the well.

Rahat is the system which uses animals as the labour it is an old type of method of irrigation in which wheels were used to take water out of the well. These wheels were turned by oxen and cows by tieing the ropes to their body.

Moat system of irrigation involves the process of taking out of water directly from the well and supplied to the irrigation field. It consists a bucket tied to a rope attached to the well by pulley system. 

Moat is a type of pulley system which involves pulling up of water from the well with the help of a bucket. It is a manual method of irrigation in which waster is directly taken out of the well. 

Chain pump system consists of two large wheels tied at both ends with a chain where the whee; is rotated using the chain and water is filled in the buckets and poured of into the field. It has the capacity to lift up water upto  a depth of approx 10m.

Chain pump system consists of two large wheels tied at both ends with a chain where the wheel is rotated using the chain and water is filled in the buckets and poured off into the field. The wheel is rotated with the help of circular discs which are positioned at the end of the chains.

Soluble salts leach out of soil due to prolonged irrigation. As a result the soil becomes rich in salts causing soil salinity. So, the correct option is 'Salinity'.

Wind winnowing is an agricultural method used for separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove pests from stored grain. Threshing is the process of loosening the edible part of cereal grain (or other crop) from the scaly, inedible chaff that surrounds it by some mechanical means, as by beating with a flail or by the action of a threshing machine. It is the step in grain preparation after harvesting and before winnowing, which separates the loosened chaff from the grain. Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or dripper hose. Subsurface drip irrigation, with the help of hose, controlled annual weeds more effectively than sprinkler or furrow irrigation in plots not treated with herbicides.

Indira Gandhi canal is an important irrigation canal in India. It starts from Firozpur of Punjab and terminates its irrigation facilities in Thar Desert of Rajasthan. The canal passes seven districts of Rajasthan namely Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar. Hence it has brought greenery to Rajasthan. Thus the correct answer is option B.

A.Furrow irrigation -  is conducted by creating small parallel channels along the field length in the direction of predominant slope. Water is applied to the top end of each furrow and flows down the field under the influence of gravity.

B.Drip irrigation -  is the most efficient water and nutrient delivery system for growing crops. It delivers water and nutrients directly to the plant's roots zone, in the right amounts, at the right time, so each plant gets exactly what it needs, when it needs it, to grow optimally.

C.Basin irrigation -  irrigation of land by surrounding it with embankments to form a basin and flooding it with water.

D.Sprinkler irrigation - is the method of applying water to a controlled manner in that is similar to rainfall. The water is distributed through a network that may consist of pumps, valves, pipes, and sprinklers.Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential, industrial, and agricultural usage.

So, the correct option is ‘Drip irrigation’.

• Rahat system of irrigation is a way to get water from a well in which large wheels are used. It is tied to oxen and is turned by them to get water out of the wells. 
• As many wheels are used in this system so it can lift up much water into the field. 

Drip irrigation also called as trickle irrigation. It involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is supplied very close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted. In this type of irrigation, water is supplied within one to three days, so that the plant can grow well. Drip irrigation started in China followed by modern drip irrigation in Germany. Plastic emitter in drip irrigation was started in Israel. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

• Dhekli is a method where water is taken directly from the wells with the help of a pulley. 
• It is a manual method of irrigation. In the method, the farmers take a basket from the well and pour it into the pipes which lead to the fields. 

Lever systems allow the user to control the speed of irrigation by choosing slow, medium or fast water flow; however, the lever system method is not as ancient, or inexpensive, as other methods. 

(A) Traditional methods of cultivation are Tilling, planting, burning of land and cattle grazing.

Chain pump system
consists of two large wheels tied at both ends with a chain where the wheel is
rotated using the chain and water is filled in the buckets and poured off into
the field. It is mostly practised in  Europe, China etc. 

Egyptian screw is an implement which is used for moving or lifting up of water. It was invented by Archimedes. Water from this tool is pumped by turning up a screw it consists of a circular pipe enclosing a helix.