Our society - class-X

Muslims are 13.4% of India's total population and are considered to be a marginalised community in India today because in comparison to other communities, they have over the years deprived of the benefits of socio-economic development.

Adivasis get caught in a cycle of poverty and deprivation. 45 percent of tribal groups in rural areas and 35 percent in urban areas live below the poverty line. Many tribal children are malnourished. Literacy rates among tribals are also very low.

Boys are always preferred over girls by their parents because our society has been a male dominant society since beginning. The Parents prefer the boys to go school and receive education while girls are supposed to sit at homes and learn to do home chores. But with the advancing society the girls are also being sent to schools to receive education and are treated equally. 

As per census 2001, the literacy rate of men in India is 75.85% means 76%.

The state with lowest literacy rate is Bihar. The literacy recorded in Bihar is 63.82%, according to 2011 census. The state has a male literacy of 73.39% and a female literacy rate of 53.33%.

• Among the given statements, the first option is true which states that Kerala has highest literacy rate.
  
• The second statement, which states that all the four southern states have achieved 85% literacy rate is false because only Kerala has achieved according to 2011 census.
  

The state/union territory that has highest male literacy in India is Lakshadweep which is an island present in Arabian Sea. Kerala has highest overall literacy rate. 

According to 2011 census, the female literacy rate in India is 65.46%. The highest female literacy is seen in Kerala with a literacy rate of 91.98% and lowest female literacy is in Rajasthan with a rate of 52.66%.

• The state/union territory that has highest male literacy in India is Lakshadweep. Kerala has highest overall literacy rate.
  
• The highest female literacy rate is seen in Kerala. Kerala also has a record of highest overall literacy rate. The female literacy, according to 2011 census, in Kerala is 91.98%.
  

• Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a union territory in Western India. It is union territory with lowest recorded literacy rates according to 2011 census.
  
• 77.24 percent is the total literacy rate in Dadra and Nager Haveli. Male literacy is higher than female literacy. Male literacy rate is 85.17 % whereas female literacy rate is 64.32%.
  

The state with highest literacy rate after Kerala and Lakshadweep is Mizoram. It has recorded a literacy rate of 91.58%, according to 2011 census. The male and female literacy rates of Mizoram are 93.72% and 89.40% respectively.

Money laundering is the act of transforming profits obtained from crime and corruption into legitimate profits. To prevent this ‘Prevention of Money Laundering Act’ was enacted. Though this act was enacted in the year 2002, it came into force with effect from July 1, 2005.

All the given three authorities are involved in inquiring, investigating and prosecuting corruption cases.

• Central Bureau of investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of India. It serves as the Nation’s prime federal law enforcement agency under the jurisdiction of the Government of India. The CBI was established in the year 1941 as a special police establishment and was changed to CBI In the year 1963.
  
• Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was created in the year 1964 to work against governmental corruption.
  
• Respective states have State Anti-Corruption Bureau. This agency is a specialized in fighting corruption in various departments of the Government against Public Servants and Private Persons.
  

Both Prevention of Corruption Act and Jan Lokpal Bill are the anti-corruption bills.

• Prevention of Corruption Act was enacted in the year 1988. This act was enacted to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.
  
• Jan Lokpal Bill is an anti-corruption bill drawn up by civil society activists in India seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body to investigate corruption cases.
  

Deciding factors of the quality of population are all the factors given in the options.

• Literacy is nothing but the education of the people living in particular area.
  
• Sex composition is the distribution of the male and female population in particular area.
  
• Occupational structure is the distribution of population based on the occupation of the person. There exists a relation between occupational structure and development.
  
• Higher literacy rate, equal ratio of male and female population and increased occupation in the field of secondary and tertiary structure implies the healthy and quality population.
  

CPI stands for Corruption Perception Index. This index has been publishing the rank of countries according to levels of corruption since 1995. According to 2015 rankings given by Corruption Perception Index, India ranks 76th.

Anna Hazare is an Indian social activist. He led a number of movements on rural
development and to increase government transparency, and investigate and punish
corruption in public life. He
started hunger strike against corruption on 5th April 2011. The aim
of this strike is to pressurise government to enact a stringent anti-corruption
law, ‘The Lokpal Bill, 2011’.

Eleventh five year plan was in action from the year 2007 to 2012. The plan endeavoured to increase the enrolment in higher education of the 18 to 23 years age group to 15%. It also aimed to Increase literacy rate for persons of age 7 years or more to 85%.

• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a Government programme aimed at the universalization of elementary education in a time-bound manner. The programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
  
• According to this programme, all the children between the age group of 6-14 years are provided with compulsory education.
  

CPI stands for Corruption Perception Index. This index has been publishing the rank of countries according to levels of corruption since 1995. India ranks 76 according to 2015 rankings given by Corruption Perception Index.

• If a shop owner keeps his shop open during a hurricane, at personal risk, and sells bottled water at a higher price compensate for his risk-taking, he can be called as a profiteer.
  
• A profiteer is someone who makes an unreasonable profit especially during times of emergency like cyclones, floods etc. it is considered unethical.
  

Prevention of Corruption Act was enacted in the year 1988. This act was enacted to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India. This was amended in 2013 which framed the guidelines for commercial organizations to prevent their employees/associates from giving bribes to public servants and average trial period of cases is decreased to 2 years from 8 years.

International Anti-Corruption Day is observed on 9th December. This day was made international anti-corruption day since the passage of the United Nations Convention against Corruption on 31 October 2003. 

Smuggling is the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people. Smuggling includes illegal trade, such as in the drug trade, illegal weapons trade, exotic wildlife trade, illegal immigration or illegal emigration, tax evasion etc.

Goods smuggling, Women trafficking, Child trafficking are the types of smuggling.

• Goods smuggling is a process where merchants attempt to supply demand for a good or service that is illegal. It includes smuggling of drugs, weapons etc.
  
• Women trafficking is a kind of smuggling in which women are transported for sexual services.
  
• Child trafficking is another kind of smuggling in which children are transported for sexual services and also to carry out the work.
  

The state that established special courts to facilitate time bound disposal of corruption cases and attachment of assets is Andhra Pradesh. The Andhra Pradesh Assembly on 3 September 2015 passed the Andhra Pradesh Special Courts Bill, 2015 for the constitution of special courts to facilitate time bound disposal of corruption cases and attachment of assets.

The profiteering act in England was introduced for the first time in the year 1919. This act conferred following powers on Board of Trade.

• To investigate prices, costs and profits at all stages.
  
• To receive and investigate complaints regarding the making of excessive profits on the sale of any article.
  

The profiteering act in England was introduced for the first time in the year 1919. This act conferred following powers on Board of Trade.

• To investigate prices, costs and profits at all stages.
  
• To receive and investigate complaints regarding the making of excessive profits on the sale of any article.
  

Disproportionately large or grossly unfair profit, generated often through
manipulation of prices, abuse of dominant position, or by exploiting a bad or
unusual situation such as temporary scarcity. There is usually no governmental
control over profiteering unless it involves illegal means.

Among the given options profiteering is odd because hoarding and black marketing is the illegal handling of goods where as a profiteer is someone who makes unreasonable
profit especially during times of emergency like cyclones, floods etc.

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, commonly referred to as the NDPS Act, is an Act of the Parliament of India that prohibits a person to produce any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance. 

Following provisions are included in this Act.

• It is illegal for a person to produce/manufacture/cultivate narcotic drugs without a license.
  
• It is illegal for a person to sell or purchase narcotic drugs without a license.
  

Operation Cocoon was the operation launched by the special task force of Tamil Nadu Police to nab the forest brigade Veerappan and his associates, who were dominant in Sathyamanglam Forest in the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. The operation was headed by K. Vijay Kumar and N. K. Senthsmarai Kannan. Veerappan was shot dead in the operation on 18th October 2004 along with his three associates.

Chhota Rajan, Dawood Ibrahim, and Yakoob Menon are considered as the notorious smugglers. They used to smuggle drugs, arms, gold, illegal arms, money etc.

Muniswami Veerappan was a notorious Indian brigand and dacoit.  He was active for nearly 30 years in the forests of Kerela, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. He was known for sandalwood smuggling, poaching, killing the police officer and evading them.

According to 2009 data, the goods that have been purchased illegally by maximum percentage of Indians are DVDs or CDs. The act of selling DVDs or CDs illegally is called piracy. It renders heavy loss to film industry.

COFEPOSA stands for COFEPOSA or the Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act. It was passed in the year 1974. It was passed to retain foreign currency and prevent smuggling.

NCB stands for Narcotics Control Bureau which is a drug law enforcement and intelligence agency of India responsible for fighting against  drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. The Narcotics Control Bureau was created on 17 March 1986.

The Sathyamangalam forest in the south Indian States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerela are associated with sandalwood smuggler Veerappan.

NCB stands for Narcotics Control Bureau which is a drug law enforcement and intelligence agency of India responsible for fighting against  drug trafficking and the abuse of illegal substances. The Narcotics Control Bureau was created on 17 March 1986.

Opium a dried latex obtained from opium poppy contains alkaloid morphine which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.

Codeine is an opiate used to treat pain, as a cough medicine, and for diarrhea.

• Opium a dried latex obtained from opium poppy contains alkaloid morphine which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade.
  
• These are legally produced at Mandsaur, Ratlam, Neemuch. All the three places are located in India.
  

The law enacted for Control of Narcotic Substance in 1997 is known as Control of Narcotics Substances Act, 1997. This act ensures the control of production, processing and trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. 

Literacy is the backbone and heartbeat of a developing nation. A literate nation is free from any kind of slavery and open to varied arenas of progress. But, removing the scourge of illiteracy from a vast country like India is a tough mission. To convert this tough mission into an achievable one, the Government of India initiated the National Literacy Mission (NLM) in 1988. The mission aims at imparting functional literacy to millions of Indians, especially those in the age bracket of 15-35 years.