Use of efficient and eco-friendly technology - class-XI

• Biotechnology is the science of engineering and technology for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc. 
• Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and molecules. It improves the functions of plants and animals.

Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. Ian Wilmut developed Dolly.

Reverse genetics is a method that is used to help understand the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific engineered gene sequences. Reverse genetics usually proceeds in the opposite direction of so-called forward genetic screens of classical genetics. The goal in reverse genetics is Identification of gene from map position.

White or gray biotechnolgy involves industrial processes such as the development of new chemicals or production of new fuel for vehicles.

• The recombinant DNA technology by which DNA fragments from different organisms are joined together to produce new genetic combinations was discovered by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer. 

• Dolly, a Finn Dorset lamb, was produced by gene cloning by Ian Wilmut and his co-workers.

Biotechnology deals with the techniques of using live microorganisms, plant or animal cells or their components or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to human beings. It includes DNA manipulation, gene manipulation, recombinant DNA technology, and Genetic Engineering. Synthesis of genes, correction of genes, alteration of genes are included in Genetic Engineering. 

Transfer of gene from parent to offspring is a normal way of heredity. All offsprings inherit some characters from their parents as a result of fertilization. 

Thus the correct option is 'Transfer of a gene from parent to off spring'.

Pseudomonas putida is a Gram-negative, rod shaped, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic bacterium. Being chemoheterotrophic, they use organic compounds as source of their energy. This bacterium can break down any of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Most of the organic toxins are aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Genetically engineered marine-dweller Pseudomonas putida use hydrocarbons as fuel and break down the ring structures of the hydrocarbons in oil spill in presence of enzymes and seawater oxygen and emit carbon dioxide. 

Antibiotic production is major industrial application of microbes. Penicillin (the first antibiotic discovered) was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, while working on Staphylococcus bacteria, that he observed growing in one of his unwashed petri cultures. However, its full potential as effective antibiotic was established much later by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey who got the noble prize in 1945 for this discovery.

Use of microbes or the living cells in industry and technology to manufacture certain food,drugs(medicines) and chemicals etc is known as biotechnology.

Genetic engineering, also called as genetic modification, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. 

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2). New tools and products developed by biotechnologists are useful in research, agriculture, industry and the clinic. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Biotechnology involves manipulation of 1) structure and action of molecules and 2) genes for numerous purposes ranging from producing drugs(like insulin) from bacteria, to introduce beneficial genes in plants and animals to obtain desired chemical substances in their products.

In 1952, Selman Abraham Waksman was awarded the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine in recognition for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic active against tuberculosis

White (also called gray) biotechnology involves industrial processes such as the production of new chemicals or the development of new fuels for vehicles, the use of cells, natural organisms and bio-organic compounds to synthesize materials, instead of petrochemicals or substitution of enzymes for caustic reagents.

Penicillin made a difference during the first half of the 20th century. Penicillin helped reduce the number of deaths and amputations of troops during World War II. According to records, there were only 400 million units of penicillin available during the first five months of 1943.

Biotechnology uses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet. Plants and animals can be improved by selectively breeding for particular traits or by genetic modification. Beneficial traits can be identified visually or by DNA profiling. Gene modification or transgenesis are used to produce therapeutic human proteins in cells or whole organisms. The cell or organism used depends upon how large and complex the protein is. For example, human insulin. Biotechnology improves crop insect resistance, enhances crop herbicide tolerance and facilitates the use of more environmentally sustainable farming practices.

The Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945 was awarded jointly to Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. 

Genetic engineering is the process of modifying the genetic makeup of an organism. In this, specific genes from one organism are transferred into the chromosome of another organism. Two bacteria commonly employed in genetic engineering are Escherichia and Agrobacterium. Escherichia is widely used in because it is easy and inexpensive to grow. It is easy to manipulate the genome of Escherichia. Agrobacterium is used because of its ability to transfer genes to plants and fungi due to presence of Ti plasmid.

The Western blot is a widely used analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS- Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome.

Ross Granville Harrison was an American biologist and anatomist credited as the first to work successfully with artificial tissue culture.

To produce Dolly, sheep a cloned animal where the fin Dorset mammary cell nucleus is injected into the Scottish Blackface ewe oocyte with the help of electricity. The new fused cell is them implanted into a surrogate mother, another Scottish Blackface ewe which develops sheep a clone of fin Dorset sheep. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Hargobind Khorana is famous for his work on the genetic code and the synthesis of the first artificial gene.

Synthetic human insulin was the first biochemical product which is produced commercially by recombinant DNA technology. Before that insulin was extracted from the pig which mimics like human insulin. Currently, millions of diabetics worldwide use synthetic insulin to regulate their blood sugar levels. Synthetic insulin is made in both bacteria and yeast.

Scaling up is the process of expanding a process from small scale to a larger scale. So, here scaling up is defined as the conversion of a laboratory scale plant into a manufacturing unit.

Recombinant DNA technology was pioneered by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1973.

Nanotechnology is the science and technology of building electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology is used to describe many types of research where the characteristic dimensions are less than about 1,000 nanometers. Nanotechnology deals with the molecular make-up and organization of structures. By building materials from the nano-scale up, nanotechnology is able to project the unusual material functionality found at the nanoscale to a useful, applicable measure. Nanotechnology provides new and improved methods for making almost every manufactured products - better transportation, faster computers, energy developments and medical breakthroughs.

Biotechnology is the branch of science which deals with the application of biological techniques for human welfare. It involves the modification of genes by the enzymatic action which leads to the production of some biological entity like antibodies, vaccines etc which benefits the mankind by improving health. The vaccines, antibodies, hormones, etc are the pharmaceutical products which help to prevent the transmission of diseases. The plants and the organisms can be genetically modified. The modified plants are resistant to the pests and diseases. The modified organisms can be useful in the production of useful products in the industry.

Researchers in south Korea have produced a black-and-tan puppy named Snuppy that was cloned from an adult Afghan Hound. 

Biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms. Biotechnology involves pure biological sciences like animal cell culture, biochemistry, cell biology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, and molecular biology. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies. 

Antibiotic resistance plasmids are bacterial extrachromosomal elements that carry genes conferring resistance to one or more antibiotics. Resistance genes are commonly found on plasmids, which are small extrachromosomal elements commonly found in bacteria. Plasmids are commonly able to move from one bacterial cell to another by a mechanism known as conjugation, which involves cell‐to‐cell contact followed by transfer of a copy of plasmid DNA from a donor to a recipient. 

Karl Ereky coined the word biotechnology in Hungary. This discovery and the naming was done in the year 1917. The term biotechnology is the branch of science which deals with the application of biological techniques for human welfare. It involves the modification of genes by the enzymatic action which leads to the production of some biological entity like antibodies, vaccines etc which benefits the mankind. 

Fermenter is an apparatus that maintains optimal conditions for the growth of microorganisms, used in large-scale fermentation and in the commercial production of antibiotics and hormones. 

Plants have the ability to grow into a complete plant from a single cell. While animals are only produced by their species and reproduction. Hence, they are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than an animal. 

Marine dwelling bacteria like Pseudomonas and fungi use the hydrocarbons as fuel and emit carbon dioxide as a result. The microbes break down the ring structures of the hydrocarbons in seaborne oil using enzymes and oxygen in the seawater. The end result is ancient oil turned into modern day bacterial biomass.

The National Institute of Virology (NIV) is a premier virus research laboratory in Pune. The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD) is situated in New Delhi. It has been renamed as National Centre for Disease Control now. The Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) is a multidisciplinary research laboratory in Lucknow. The National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) is an Indian Public health, Biotechnology and Translational research centre located in Hyderabad.