Kidney disorders - class-X

Most mammals e.g. human excrete in the form of urea. These are called ureotelics.

In uremia, concentration of urea goes high in blood because the tubules are not able to remove it from the blood. 

Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Ketonuria is the excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine. Renal glycosuria is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is eliminated in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels. Dialysis is the process of removing excess water, solutes, and toxins from the blood in people whose kidneys can no longer perform these functions naturally. This is referred to as renal replacement therapy.

Glycosuria is a condition characterized by an excess of sugar in the urine, typically associated with diabetes or kidney disease. Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid masses made of crystals. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys (glomeruli). Gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. 

Gout is caused by accumulation of excess of uric acid crystals in the joint, resulting in painful movements.

Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli). Glomeruli remove excess fluid, electrolytes, and waste from your bloodstream and pass them into your urine. 

Diuresis is when the body has too many of certain substances in the fluid that the kidneys filter. Eventually, this fluid becomes urine and increases the amount of water expelled by the body, leading to increased or excessive urination. 

Urea is one of the primary component of the urine. Uremia is the condition having excess amount of urea in the blood. Uremia is the disease due to kidney failure, in which urea and other nitrogenous waste materials which should eliminated through urine are retained and accumulated in the blood.

Gout is a painful form of arthritis that occurs when high levels of uric acid in the blood cause crystals to form and accumulate in and around a joint. Uric acid is produced when the body breaks down a chemical called purine. 

True, when we have too much of certain wastes and not enough fluid in your blood, the wastes can build up and stick together in kidneys and these clumps of waste are called kidney stones.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are significantly more common in women than in men due to anatomical differences, specifically the shorter urethra in women.

In man, the kidney stones are formed due to salts such as oxalates are crystallised in pelvis.

Ketones are the end products of fatty acid metabolism in absence of glucose. These ketones are excreted through urine.

Alkaptonuria is an inherited condition that causes urine to turn black when exposed to air. Mutations in the HGD gene cause alkaptonuria. Homogentisic acid, which is produced when phenylalanine and tyrosine are broken down, accumulates in the body. Excess homogentisic acid is deposited in connective tissues, which causes cartilage and skin to darken. Over time, a buildup of this substance in the joints leads to arthritis. Homogentisic acid is also excreted in urine, making the urine turn dark when exposed to air.

The hilus (or hilum) is the concave depression on the medial border of the kidney where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter and exit.

Uremia is the presence of excess urea in the blood. It may occur due to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.

Uremia is the presence of excess urea in the blood. It may occur due to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. Hence occurrence of excess urea in the blood due to kidney failure is uremia.

Uremia is caused by extreme and usually irreversible damage to your kidneys. This is usually from chronic kidney disease. The kidneys are no longer able to filter the waste from your body and send it out through your urine. Instead, that waste gets into your bloodstream, causing a potentially life-threatening condition.

Hemodialysis is the most common type of dialysis. This process uses an artificial kidney (hemodialyzer) to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood. The blood is removed from the body and filtered through the artificial kidney. The filtered blood is then returned to the body with the help of a dialysis machine.

Kidney stones are also called urine calculi. Urine calculi are small stones which are hard deposit in the kidneys and cause pain when are passed through the urinary stream. They are formed often to do accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals.

Kidney stones are also called urine calculi. Urine calculi are small stones which are hard deposit in the kidneys and cause pain when are passed through the urinary stream. They are often calcium oxalate crystals.

Renal calculi or kidney stone is a solid piece of material blocking the passage of urine in ureter. It leads to pain usually in lower back and then growing in groin area.

Black urine disease, or alkaptonuria, is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (alkapton oxidase). This deficiency leads to the accumulation of homogentisic acid, which turns black upon oxidation in urine.

Both gout and certain types of kidney stones are caused by the accumulation of uric acid. In gout, uric acid crystals deposit in joints, while in the kidneys, they can form stones.

Renal calculi is also called as kidney stones. Renal calculi mainly contains calcium oxalate. It also includes cystine stones or uric acid stones. It results in the blockage of kidney tubules by a solid mass of crystals. It causes severe pain in the back, abdomen, flank and groin. 

Nephritis is the inflammation of kidneys. renal pelvis, intestinal tissue and calyces. It occurs due to bacterial infection or toxins. Symptoms include back pain, pain in pelvis, frequent urination, blood or pus in urine, swelling in some body parts. 

Kidney stones or renal calculi, are solid masses made of crystals. Calcium stones are the most common. They can be made of calcium oxalate (most common), phosphate or maleate.

Uraemia is the toxic effects of abnormally high concentrations of urea or nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of the kidneys failure to expel these waste products by way of the urine. The end products of protein metabolism accumulate in the blood but are normally filtered out when the blood passes through the kidneys. Uraemia can result from any disorder that impairs the functioning of the kidneys or that hinders the excretion of urine from the body. 

Hepatitis causes liver failure or liver cancer. Due to this the functioning of liver disturbs drastically. This results in jaundice being one of the symptoms of hepatitis. Thus excretes dark yellow colored urine.

Diuretics are substances that cause an increase in the production of urine. In the given table 1, as the concentration of caffeine ingestion increases, volume of urine increases. Same results can be made from table 3 that is the volume of urine collected increases with the volume of water ingested but In table 2 as the concentration of sodium chloride ingested, the volume of urine decreases gradually. So, water and caffeine can be classified as a diuretic. Thus, the correct answer is 'Both A and C.'

Because the caffeine and the sodium chloride were dissolved in water, plain water was consumed as a control to make sure the effects seen were due to the added substances and not the water. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Haemophilia, myopia (in some forms), and night blindness are often associated with X-linked inheritance patterns. Nephritis is a general term for kidney inflammation and is not typically classified as an X-linked genetic disorder.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that is produced in a part of the brain called as the
hypothalamus. It is then stored and released from the pituitary gland, a
small gland at the base of the brain. ADH acts on the kidneys to
control the amount of water excreted in the urine

Urea is very soluble and a small molecule, so it is relatively easily passed out by the kidneys as a solution in water. Uraemia is an excretory disorder in which there is increased level of urea in the blood. It is caused due to the renal failure. In uremia, the tubular absorption of urea in collecting duct is inhibited. Progressive weakness and easy fatigue, loss of appetite due to nausea and vomiting, muscle atrophy, are some common symptoms of ureamia.