Leaf Modifications in Plants

Some plants are characterized by well-developed pulvini, small swelling at the base of the leaves, on the shoots. These leaves are individually attached, flattened and helically arranged. Pulvinus facilitates growth independent movement and is common in members of Fabaceae family.

A) Tridex is the flowering plant that belongs to family Asteraceae.

The onion is an underground stem. It is a stem modification thta gets modified to store food. There is a disc-like a stem which makes up e edible part of the onion. It is called a bulb.

The tendril of sweet pea is a modification of the terminal leaflet of the leaf into a slender wiry and coiled structure that helps in support of the plant.

• Trichomes are the epidermal outgrowths on the vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant. 
• These are hair-like structures which may be unicellular or multicellular.
• Some trichomes are secretory in nature and are known as glandular trichomes. For example, tannins, resins, gum etc., are some products secreted by trichomes.
• Trichomes help in the absorption of water and minerals.

• The onion plant has bluish-green leaves and its bulb at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is reached. The bulbs are composed of shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale leaves that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem.
  
• Underground stems are modified plant structures that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. Turmeric is the rhizome or underground stem.
  
• In racemose inflorescence,  the growing region at the tip of the flower stalk continues to produce new flower buds during growth. As a result, the youngest flowers are at the top and the oldest flowers are at the base of the stalk. Mustard shows racemose inflorescence. Cyme inflorescence is present in Solanum. A Cyme is a group of flowers in which the end of each growing point produces a flower, so new growth comes from side shoots and the oldest flowers are at the top.
• Phylloclade is a flattened branch or stem-joint resembling and functioning as a leaf. Phylloclade is a stem modification for deserts like area in which the stem becomes broad and fattened (in Opuntia) or cylindrical (in euphorbia)

The venus fly trap which looks and smells like a flower to insects. When they land on it, they touch a trigger hair which slams the trap shut and they are then digested by the plant.

The insectivorous plants are the carnivorous plants which feed on the insects. These plants have adapted to grow in the extreme conditions of the soil such as acidic pH. Generally, these plants are known to grow in the soil which is deficient in the mineral nutrients due to the presence of acid. The plant can grow in the soil which have low levels of nitrogen. 

Aldrovanda vesiculosa, also famous as the waterwheel plant. This plant captures small aquatic invertebrates using water flea traps. The traps are arranged in spirals around a central, free-floating stem. This is one of the rare plant species capable of rapid movement.

So option B is correct.

A) Tendrils are the modification of leaves that help climbers to climb the support.

Leaf pitcher is found in Nepenthes is a modified leaf which is converted into a lid to capture small insects and digest it to overcome nitrogen deficiency.

Leaves of some plant get modify to form tendrils. These are thin, wiry, and spirally coiled. It holds the support by coiling around it and help the weak stem to climb the support.

1. Onion leaves are modified to store food and water called scale leaves.
2. Opuntia or prickly pear leaves modified into spines for defensive purpose.
3. Nepenthes leaves are modified into leaf-pitcher to trap insects so that they fulfill their nitrogen deficiency.
4. Utricularia is an insectivorous plant that grows in water and their leaves get modified to leaf-bladder for digesting insects.

Areoles are the evolutionary modification in the cacti. These modifications give rise to spines and glochids which are the means of self-defense. These spines effectively cover the cacti. These evolved as abortive branch buds while their spines evolved as vestigial leaves.

'Fleshy scale leaves' in garlic and onion are edible plant parts.

The leaves close under various other stimuli, such as touching, warming, blowing, or shaking. ... The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighboring leaves. It is not known exactly why Mimosa pudica evolved this trait, but many scientists think that the plant uses its ability to shrink as a defense from herbivores.
So, the correct option is "C" (Leaf movement).

In Duranta, axillary buds and in Carrisa the apical bud is modified into stem thorns, for ulex both stem thorns as well as leaf spines are modified.
Hence, option D is correct.

Insectivorous plants are plants which are capable of growing in nitrogen deficient soil because they obtain their nitrogen content partially from the insects they ingest.

Nepenthes and sarracenia , both called pitcher plant are insectivorous plants because they trap insects and feed on them for obtaining nitrogen content.they are called pitcher plant because their leaves are modified into a pitcher like structures.

Drosera, also called as sundew is an insectivorous plant because it lives by feeding on insects. its leaves are covered by a mucilaginous substance which attracts the insect and traps it. It looks like morning dew, so the name sundew.

Insectivorous plants are often called carnivorous plants because they usually trap and digest the insects to obtain their required nutrients.  

Venus Flytrap is an insectivorous plant. It grows in waterlogged soils. Due to waterlogging, the amount of available nitrogen is very less. Hence, it obtains its nitrogen from the insects. Due to this reason, it is also called as the semi-autotrophic or semi-heterotrophic plant. It has leaves with winged petiole attached to it and lamina is modified into two toothed jaws. Each jaw has numerous teeth. Also, the upper surface of each jaw has long sensitive bristles. The upper surface also contains irregularly scattered glands. These bristles are very sensitive to touch stimulus. When an insect comes in contact with these bristles, there is a rapid change in the turgor pressure. This results in the closing of leaf and the insect are captured. 

Autotrophs plants are those which gets nutrients through photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight. Insectivorous plants just like almost every other plant, get their energy from sunlight. They feed on insect to fufill their nitrogen requirement, that's why they can easily grown in nitrogen deficient soil condition.

Carnivorous plants like pitcher plants are having a trapping mechanism designed to catch and digest insects. They do this to obtain the nutrients not found in the soil. They derive nitrogen from the prey they trap and thus they can grow in nitrogen-deficient soil.

The correct option is C. 

A) Carnivorous plants like pitcher plant have a trapping mechanism designed to catch and digest insects. They do this in order to obtain nutrients not found in the soil. They derive nitrogen from the prey they trap and hence, can grow in nitrogen deficient soil.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids. It is involved in the secretion of mucin and slime in various biological contexts.

Monotropa is not an insectivorous plant but is a saprophytic plant because it feeds by soaking up necessary nutrients from surrounding decaying plant matter. The other given plants are examples of insectivorous plants

Insectivorous plants trap and digest insects and other small animals to obtain the nitrogen that is required for their growth. Most plants absorb enough nitrogen from nitrates in the soil but as the insectivorous plants live in nitrate-deficient bogs, they need to fulfill their nitrogen demand by digesting the prey instead. 

Carnivorous plants typically grow in nutrient-poor, boggy soils where nitrogen is scarce. They capture insects to obtain nitrogen for protein synthesis.

Since creepy crawlies are a standout amongst the most well-known prey things for most savage plants, they are at times called insectivorous plants. ... Snap traps of the Venus flytrap and waterwheel plant are pivoted leaves that snap close when trigger hairs are contacted.