Fruits and seeds - class-XII

Orchid seed is a non-endospermic seed, i.e., endosperm is absent in it. Endosperm is a nourishing tissue present in the seed which nourishes the developingembryo. In orchid seed endosperm is absent because it is used up during the time ofseed development. Nourishment for germinating seed is provided by the food material present in cotyledons. 

Those seeds in which the endosperm persists even after germination are called endospermous seeds. Barley and castor are examples of monocot and dicot endospermous seeds respectively.

If the endosperm exists after the seed has germinated then the seeds are referred to as endospermous seeds, this could be due to greater synthesis or lesser utilization by the developing embryo.

In pea and groundnut, endosperm is consumed by developing embryo in the seed. The endosperm is completely absorbed by the growing embryo and the food reserve gets stored in the cotyledons. Such seeds are called non-endospermic or exalbuminous.

Glyoxysomes are microbodies. These microbodies occur only in fat rich plant cells like castor seeds where they take part in $\beta$-oxidation of fats and perform glyoxylate cycle. Glyoxysomes possess catalase enzyme.

A true fruit is the one in which the fleshy part of the fruit is derived from the ovary. For example, mango. A false fruit or pseudo-carp is derived from the floral parts other than ovary. Jackfruit and pineapple develop from the entire inflorescence. Apple develops from the thalamus. When the gynoecium has free and unfused carpel it is known as apocarpous.

Statement (v) is incorrect because monocot seeds do possess an epicotyl and hypocotyl axis, even if the structure is modified. Statements (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are standard botanical descriptions of seed and embryo development.

• The racemose inflorescence is also called as indefinite inflorescence.
• The racemose inflorescence is a type of flowering shoot in which the growing region at the tip of the flower stalk continues to produce new flower buds during growth.
• As a result, the youngest flowers are at the top and the oldest flowers are at the base of the stalk.
•  Hence, Fruits of Banyan tree develops from Racemose inflorescence.
• So, the correct answer is 'Racemose inflorescence'.

Endosperm is a food laden tissue, surrounding the embryo on all sides or either present on one side of the embryo. It is of two types:
1. Non-endospermic or exalbuminous seeds
2. Endospermic or albuminous seeds.
In these seeds like pea, groundnut, the endosperm is completely consumed by the embryo, which belongs to the non-endospermous seeds category.

Endosperm is developed from triploid primary endosperm nucleus in central cell of embryo sac. The triploid nucleus is formed after vegetative fertilization i.e. fusion of male gamete with secondary nucleus of central cell, also known as triple fusion. Endosperm serves to provide essential nutrients to the growing embryos. Seeds having a fleshy storage endosperm that lie just beneath tegmen and persists upto maturity are termed as albuminous seeds. Castor, coffee, lily and cotton seeds are albuminous. Pericarp is residual nucellus that persists in seeds. Castor, cotton, lily and coffee seeds have pericarp present just below the seed coat and around the kernel. Pericarp surrounds endosperm in these seeds. Castor seeds exhibit enlargement of cells present at the tip of outer integument which forms a fleshy outgrowth at micropylar end of the seed is called as caruncle. It serves in seed germination and seed dispersal by animals. Cotton, lily and coffee seeds lack caruncle.

Aril is bright-colored fleshy outgrowth and succulent investment of the seed in a few plants, e.g., Cashew nut and Nutmeg.

The monocot plants are known for the presence of the embryo and edible endosperm in the seed. The endosperm is large, whitish and fluffy in the case of the maize. The endosperm of the maize is considered as edible which is used for the production of popcorn. The endosperm swells and comes out to form the popcorn which is highly nutritious.

The seed which store food material in cotyledons are called exalbuminous seed.

The seed which store food materials in endosperm are called albuminous seed.

1. Seed store reserve food for the use of embryo at the time of germination in their cotyledons or in endosperm.

Seed store reserve food for the use of embryo at the time of germination in their cotyledons or in endosperm.

The seed which store food materials in endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seed.

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., Gram, Pea, Bean, Almond, Groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Grasses).

Monocot seed- one cotyledon.

Dicot seed- Two cotyledons.

A. Maize- Monocot albuminous seed.

B. Wheat- Monocot albuminous seed.

C. Rice- Monocot albuminous seed.

So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

In monocotyledonous endospermic seed, endosperm is surrounded by a special one- cell thick layer, called aleurone layer. Its main function is to nourish the embryo enclosed in the seed.It is protein rich coat formed by the outermost layer of endospermic cells. It actively secretes few enzymes which help in the process of seed germination.
So, the correct answer is 'Enzyme Synthesis'.

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., gram, pea, bean, almond, groundnut, mustard, sunflower).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., castor, maize, wheat, barley, grasses, rice).

Vallisneria is a genus of freshwater aquatic plant, commonly called eelgrass, tape grass or vallis.  It has a non albuminous seed.

So, the correct answer is 'Vallisneria'.

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., Gram, Pea, Bean, Almond, Groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Grasses).

So, the correct answer is 'Endospermic albuminous'.

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., Gram, Pea, Bean, Almond, Groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Grasses).

(a) Maize- endospermic

(b) Mustard- Non- endospermic

(c) Pea- Non endospermic.

So, the correct answer is'a-d, b-e, c-e'.

A. Outer seed coat which ensures survival of seeds called testa.

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds. (e,g., gram, pea, bean, almond, groundnut).

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., castor, maize, wheat, barley, grasses). So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'.

• In most of the angiosperms, the endosperm by nature will be triploid. 
• In some plants, the endosperm is completely consumed by the formation of zygote. 
• In pea and groundnut, the endosperm is consumed by developing an embryo in the seed. 
• The endosperm is completely absorbed by this growing embryo and hence food reserve gets stored in the cotyledons.
• The correct option is B.

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds.

A. Cotyledons- It store food material in exalbuminous seed.

B. Hypocotyl- The portion of axis between the radicle and cotyledonary node is called hypocotyl.

C. It is a persistent nucellus.

D. Endosperm- It store food material in albuminous seed.

So, the correct answer is 'Endosperm'.

Seeds, which store food materials in their endosperm are called endospermic or albuminous seeds. (e.g., Castor, maize, wheat, barley, grasses, rice, onion).

Seeds, which store food materials in their cotyledons are called non- endospermic or exalbuminous seeds.(e.g., gram, pea, bean, almond, groundnut, mustard, sunflower).

So, the correct answer is 'a, b and c'.

Perisperm is the persistent nucellus in a seed, which is diploid tissue derived from the parent plant. Endosperm is typically triploid (in angiosperms) formed by double fertilization.

Corn (maize) is an endospermic (albuminous) seed, not exalbuminous. Therefore, statement A is the incorrect one.

A false fruit (accessory fruit) is one where parts other than the ovary, such as the thalamus, contribute to the fruit. Apple and strawberry are classic examples.

If a fruit is formed from any other part of the flower  than the ovary, then such a fruit is termed as false fruit. In apple the thallamus of the flower forms the edible part or the fruit.