Common health care methods - class-VIII

Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish researcher, is credited with the discovery of penicillin in 1928.

In 1928, Alexander Fleming was investigating the properties of Staphylococci. One day, he observed that the culture of Staphylococci was contaminated with fungus and that colonies of the culture surrounding the fungus had been destroyed. 
Fleming grew the mold in a pure culture and found that it produce a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. He identified the mold (fungus) as being from the Penicillium genus and named the substance it released Penicillin. He investigated its positive antibacterial effect on many organisms and noticed that it affected bacteria such as Staphylococci and many other Gram-positive pathogens that cause scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis, diphtheria but not typhoid fever caused by Gram-negative bacteria.

Penicillin is a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi. The discovery of penicillin is attributed to Alexander Flemming in 1928.
Salman Waksman discovered streptomycin
Burkholder discovered Pfiesteria, which is a genus of heterotrophic dinoflagellates
Eugene Dubois was the first person to ever deliberately search for fossils of human ancestors
So, the correct answer is 'Fleming'

Selman Waksman, the microbiologist who discovered streptomycin, first used the word "antibiotic" in 1943. 

• Alexander Fleming was working on a Bacterial culture of Staphylococcus to studying the action of lysozyme and its role in the fighting of the infection.
• While he was working with the culture he noticed that the bacterial culture's growth is inhibited due to the growth of fungal infection on it.
• The fungus that infected the culture was  Penicillium notatum , whose secretion was later to be discovered as antibiotic penicillin.
  
• So the answer Penicillium notatum is correct.
  

• Alexander Fleming was working with a bacteria to study the action of lysozyme and its role in the fighting of the infection in the human body.
• The bacterial culture that he was working on was of Staphylococcus 
• Due to some fault, the bacterial culture Fleming was working on developed a fungal infection of Penicillium notatum which inhabited the growth of the bacteria in the culture.
• The secretion which was released by the fungus was called mold juice by Fleming but later he named it as penicillin after the name of the organism which secretes it.
• So the answer Staphylococcus is correct.
  

Penicillin targets the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. Mycoplasma lacks a cell wall, slime molds are eukaryotes, and Pseudomonas has a different cell wall structure/permeability, making them resistant to penicillin.

• Discovery of penicillin antibiotic by Fleming was an accidental discovery.
• Fleming was working with different bacterial strains to study the effect of lysozyme in fighting of bacterial infection in human body.
• In his lab there were many petri dish containing different strains of bacteria, he observed that one of the petridishes containing the strain for bacteria  Staphylococcus was infected by the growth of a fungus
• This fungus growing along with the bacterial colony inhibited the growth of the bacterial colony
• On further observation Fleming saw that the chemical substances secreted by the mold inhibited the bacterial growth. He named it Penicillin after the name of the organism ie Penicillium notatum
• So, the correct answer is Penicillium notatum 
  

• In September 1928 when Alexander Fleming observed his Petri dishes of the bacterial culture he notice that the culture of bacteria Staphylococcus has a mold growing over it which has inhabited its growth in that area.
• Upon observing he found that the mold was a strain of fungus Penicillium notaum and its was secreting some substance which inhibited the growth of the bacteria.
• He named it penicillin after the organism from which it is secreted.
• So the answer Alexander Fleming who discovered the first antibiotic penicillin is correct.
  

While Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, Howard Florey and Ernest Chain were responsible for isolating and purifying it, and demonstrating its clinical potential as an effective drug.

The discovery of Penicillin was a case of serendipity and it was observed on a culture plate of Staphylococcus aureus that was contaminated by a fungus species. 

• Sutton deduced that chromosomes are the basis of heredity and that the reduction of chromosomes in meiosis is directly related to Mendel's laws of inheritance.
• Thomas Hunt Morgan described the phenomenon of linkage and crossing over. Morgan imagined that genes on chromosomes were similar to pearls on a string, in other words, they were physical objects. The closer two genes were to one another on a chromosome, the greater their chance of being inherited together. In contrast, genes located farther away from one another on the same chromosome were more likely to be separated during recombination. Therefore, Morgan correctly proposed that the strength of linkage between two genes depends upon the distance between the genes on the chromosome. This proposition became the basis for construction of the earliest maps of the human genome.
• James Dewey Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953 with Francis Crick.
• Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered the antibiotic in 1928, when he came back from a vacation and found that a green mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated Petri dishes in his lab and were killing some of the bacteria he’d been growing.

Antibiotic is a medicine which inhibits the growth of microbes. This term was coined by Selman Waksman. They are produced by many bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. Some of them increase the activity of mast cell resulting into allergy. They are specific for the disease.

(A)Cristian Haneen verified the Purification of enzyme zennet.

Selman Waksman, the microbiologist who discovered streptomycin, first used the word "antibiotic" in the medical sense in 1943. 

Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain were jointly awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.

• Antibiotics are antimicrobials that are released by bacteria, fungi or molds naturally or are synthesized artificially that are capable of killing or inhibiting competing microbial species. They are therefore antimicrobial substances and not entire microorganisms that are used. 
• In 1928 penicillin, the first true antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming from colonies of Staphylococcus bacteria. However, its full potential as an antibiotic was established by Florey and Chain. Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Sir Alexander Fleming received the Nobel prize for their work on penicillin in 1945. 
• So, the correct answer is '(i) only'.

Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting transpeptidase enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycan in cell walls. This weakens the wall, causing osmotic lysis. The mechanism specifically targets cell wall synthesis, not DNA/RNA synthesis or direct protoplasm lysis. Option A correctly states this (assuming 'clef-wall' is a typo for 'cell wall').

Penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold. Streptomycin is produced from Streptomyces griseus bacteria. Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are synthetic antibiotics. So the above-selected option is correct 

Correct matches: Streptokinase (Streptococcus), Statins (Monascus purpureus), Cyclosporin-A (Trichoderma), Penicillin (Penicillium notatum). This corresponds to A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i.

Penicillin was discovered in London in September of 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming, the bacteriologist on duty at St. Mary’s Hospital. The discovery of penicillin has often been described as a miracle drug because prior to the discovery of penicillin, death could occur in very trivial injuries and diseases.

A second-degree burn is much more severe and painful than a first-degree burn. In such burns, the burnt area is moist and is red to slightly whitish in colour. There is a blister formation in the affected area. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

 As salt water causes exocytosis that removes the poison from the body cells.

Cool the burn to help soothe the pain. Hold the burned area under cool (not cold) running water for 10 to 15 minutes or until the pain eases. Running cold tap water over accidental burns and scalds is advisable as it cools the skin and prevents blistering.

The AVPU scale (an acronym for "alert, voice, pain, unresponsive") is a system by which a healthcare professional can measure and record a patient's mental status, indicating their level of consciousness. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Bee stings are acidic. Applying a mild alkali, such as baking soda, helps neutralize the acid and soothe the sting.

The most common term referred to in first aid is ABC. This stands for airway, breathing, and circulation.

• Traumatology is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage. It is also called accident surgery. Types of trauma include car accidents, gunshots wounds, post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) from incidents etc. Hence the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents is called traumatology.
  

First aid is the immediate treatment or care given to someone suffering from an injury or illness until further advanced care is accessed or the individual recovers. The aims of first aid are to: preserve life. prevent illness or injury from becoming worse.

In case, some poisonous substance has been swallowed, make the patient drink as much salt water as possible, even forcibly to induce vomiting. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and are considered minor burns.

Hydrogen peroxide can be used for the initial cleaning of a wound, such as a small scrape or abrasion. 

An avulsion fracture is an injury to the bone in a location where a tendon or ligament attaches to the bone. When an avulsion fracture occurs the tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of the bone and because of that the broken bone remains attached to the ligaments. So, the correct answer is 'Avulsion fracture'.

In the case of bleeding, raise the affected part to minimize gravitational outflow of blood. Wash the cut surface with clean water, press the area with a piece of clean cotton wool, and if possible apply some mild antiseptic. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

• A fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.
  
• A compound fracture is characterized by breaking and cracking of bone at different places.
• Food high in calcium, like milk, cheese and yogurt, will strengthen your bones. Strong bones can help prevent compound fractures.
• So, the correct answer is 'Breaking and cracking of bone at different places'

An open fracture or compound fracture is a fracture in which there is an open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone. This wound is caused by a fragment of bone breaking through the skin at the time of the injury. So, the correct answer is 'compound fracture'.

Prone is the positioning of the face especially in severe acute respiratory diseases. It is the position of the face where it lying down. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

• A fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone.
  
• Comminuted fractures are those in which a bone breaks into many pieces and some of the pieces are without blood circulation.
  
• These types of fractures occur after high impact trauma such as vehicular accidents.
• These types of fractures take a minimum of 3 months to recover.
• So, the correct answer is ''A bone breaks into many pieces and some of the pieces are without blood circulation'.

We should not pop any blisters by ourself. If the skin breaks, apply an antibiotic cream and cover the area with a bandage or gauze and tape until it's healed. If there's bleeding, first press firmly over the site with a clean cloth until it stops, anywhere from three to 15 minutes clean under lukewarm running water and gently pat dry. Thus, the correct answer is option C.