India's internal challenges - class-X

India is a nation which has a different language, religion, culture, and customs. This makes India a diverse country. Sometimes diversity is not celebrated because we feel safe and secure with people who look, talk, dress and think like us.

There is only one article pertaining to the Minorities in the Constitution of India. Article 30 of the Constitution provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The Constitution thus envisages that minorities can be based on religion or language. Minorities are identified on the basis of percentage of the population of the Group to the total population

Article 30 refers to only minority communities because it states that the government shall not discriminate against any educational institution run by religious or linguistic minority.   

The minority communities in india under the national comminion for minorites act 1992 are muslims, christains,sikhs,busddhist and parsis.

Article 30 refers to the minority community only and it comes under the part iii of he Indian constitution.

Articles 29 grants protection to both religions minorities as well as linguistic minorities  

Modernization is a way to leave behind the problems of traditionalism. It is a concept of sociology that refers to a process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transform the lives of individuals. The index of modernization can be judged through the increase in the number of towns. Today rural life is transforming into urban life. Nowadays people are more attracted to the concept of urbanization.

Minorities in the Indian context means minority religions - Muslims, Christians, Jains, Sikhs etc. SC, ST, OBC are not in minority. They are not minority castes, they predominantly belong to Hinduism and are Hindus.

National commission of minority affairs consist of towing members which are:-
1) A chair person
2) A vice-precedent
3) 5 members

• Secularist is a person who follows the ideology of secularism.
• Secularism is nothing but treating all religions equally.
• Articles of Indian Constitution related to secularism are 25, 26, 27 and 28.

• India was partitioned into two dominions on the basis of religion.
• India comprised the Hindu majority whereas Pakistan comprised a Muslim majority.

The NHRC has been established under the protection of human rights act 1993.The NCM national communion for minorities act 1992

Communalism is a ideology where people are allegiant to their faith, religion or group and act in its interest rather than nation's. Communalism furthers self interest and community's interest and causes clash of one group with another having difference of interest. This is cashed by political parties working for their own political gains thereby dividing people.

Communalism is an ideology when people show loyalty and allegiance towards one's own ethnic group rather than nation as a whole. People becomes hostile to other groups' or communites' interest and that create strife and tension among the different ethnic, religious or linguistic groups. The communalism is used as a tool by the political parties to further their interests. Thus, Communalism is a hindrance for prosperity and development of a nation.

Maoists are the people who follow the thoughts, ideology and beliefs of Mao Zedang , a pioneer of Chinese Communist Party. The Maoism theory provides that socialism could only be achieved through popular, democratic and anti-imperialistic movement with the communists in charge. It advocates peasants to be revolutionary class and guerilla warfare to topple the system.

Communalism is a political ideology that uses religious identity to mobilize groups and often creates divisions between different religious communities.

Communalism was and continues to be one of the major challenges to democracy in our country.  That is why the makers of our Constitution chose the model of a secular state. 

The Indian caste is a complex social order which divides society into a group based on the occupations of a person. The caste is determined by birth, this caste system led to the ill-treatment and discrimination done among the lower and the upper caste people. But with the advancement in the society has helped in eliminating the caste hierarchy. The economic development, urbanization, occupational mobility and growth of literacy all these factors have led to the breaking down of caste hierarchy.

Communalism is an ideology where people are allegiant to their faith, religion or group and act in its interest rather than nation's. A state having no official religion of its own is a Secular state like India where no religion is favoured by state and all religions are treated equally.

Uniform civil code is the compulsory constitutional requirement to replace laws based on religion with a common set of rules and laws applicable to every citizen equally without any discrimination. This can be useful to contain communalism.

• Communal politics is based on the belief that:
  

• Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
  
• People of different religions have different interests that may involve conflict of interest when faced with one another.
  

Communalism is a dangerous ideology that promotes the false belief that one group, particularly one religious group, has more differences than similarities with outside groups. It promotes enmity among the groups and may lead to communal violence. Ths eventually hampers the growth and development of a nation as the unity among the citizens are affected.

After the Independence of India, Nagaland wanted to separate itself from India as an Independent State. 99 percent of people of Nagaland voted in the favour of Referendum. The Naga Insurgency emerged in 1956 was an armed ethnic conflict led by Naga National Council between Nagas and the governments of India and Myanmar.

• Communalism refers to a government or system where communes act as independent states. The nation that the states form is a federation of those states.
  
• Communal often refers to groups or people that focus on the benefits of their community, rather than society as a whole. Communes, for instance, will often provide food and resources only to those people who are part of the group. On the other hand, a democracy provides support and resources to all people.
  
• Even in today's society, communes still exist. While they are difficult to come by compared to in the past, they are appealing because people feel like they make a bigger impact on the community.
  

The Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India, launched the National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme on 21st January 2015, with a focus on holistic development of heritage cities. The scheme aims to preserve and revitalise soul of the heritage city to reflect the city's unique character by encouraging aesthetically appealing, accessible, informative & secured environment.

Urban Transport Wing of Ministry of Urban Development is the nodal division for coordination, appraisal and approval of Urban Transport matters including Metro Rail Projects at the central level. All the interventions in the urban transport by the Ministry of Urban Development such as Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), urban transit infrastructure or financing of metro rail projects etc, are carried out as per the provisions of National Urban Transport Policy, 2006. It also deals in proposals that encourage innovative financing mechanisms in the transport sector and organizes annual conference and exhibition on urban transport for knowledge sharing amongst experts and stakeholders.

The Smart City Mission is an innovative and new initiative by the Government of India to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local development and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for citizens. In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of 'Smart' Solutions. The focus is on the sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a lighthouse to other aspiring cities.

Of the 121 crore Indians, 83.3 crores live in rural areas while 37.7 crore stays in urban areas, as per the Census of 2011.The level of urbanization increased from 28 percent in the 2001 Census to 31 percent in the 2011 Census, while the proportion of rural population declined from 72 percent to 69 percent. Much of urban migration is driven by rural populations' desire for the advantages that urban areas offer. Urban advantages include greater opportunities to receive education, health care, and services such as entertainment.

The Government of India has launched the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) with the aim of providing basic civic amenities like water supply, sewerage, urban transport, parks as to improve the quality of life for all especially the poor and the disadvantaged. The focus of the Mission is on infrastructure creation that has a direct link to the provision of better services to the citizens. The Mission covers 500 cities that include all cities and towns with a population of over one lakh with notified Municipalities.

Article 30 of the Constitution recognizes minorities on the basis of religion or language. Article 30 mandates that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

This happens when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest. This manner of using religion in politics is communal politics. 

• Communal riots/massacre is the most dangerous and ugly manifestation of communalism.
• Communalism is the social organization based on communal lines.
• Being very loyal to one's beliefs or ideology.
• Communalism creates tussle between the different sects of the society because of the differences in beliefs. Communal riot is one such issue.

Sarv Dharma Sumbhav is a concept which implies that all religions (Dharmas) point to one destination though the paths may be different. It embodies the idea of sustenance and co-existence of all religions and their followers through harmony. The concept was embraced by Swami Vivekananda but is largely attributed to Mahatma Gandhi who preached it among masses to bring unity among Hindus and Muslims to fight together against British Raj. It is the very base of the feature of Secularism in the Constitution.

Caste system has long divided people and united them in a form of community different from another. Since people have constitutional rights and modern developmental perspective does not consider caste system as a barrier to avail opportunities it led to the emergence of different interests within the same caste people. People who earn well, have facilities to avail or have higher educational qualification have different interests and goal compared to those who do not have. The economic condition became the criteria for defining the inclination of people's interest.